The evolution of the crime of cracking down on online game plug-in crime

Some netizens in Zhihu asked the author: Does it constitute a crime of illegal business operation to use game AIDS like keyboard and mouse to practice online games? "A few months ago, a friend was detained for 30 days for illegal business operations and fined hundreds of thousands because he used game scripts to practice games. His game script is similar to the color recognition of the key wizard+simulation of the mouse and keyboard, developed by himself, without modifying the game client, so it should not belong to the plug-in. But one of the crimes of illegal business operation is illegal publications. His software is for personal use and has not been disseminated. I wonder if it’s really illegal? Suppose the software he uses is copyrighted? Is the situation different again? The key wizard has copyright. What’s more, JC seized all his dozens of computers without showing any documents, and searched his room. Is this in line with the rules? If this kind of case goes to court, what are the chances of conviction? I have consulted many cases, and it seems that there are only cases with plug-ins. "

The author’s answer to this: There is no official explanation for the definition of plug-in in China at present. My understanding is the cheating software of online games. For the conviction of plug-in, it mainly depends on what kind of legal relationship plug-in infringes. If it is convicted of illegal business operation, the court thinks that online games can only be operated with a license, and plug-ins operate without a license. If the crime of destroying the computer information system is determined, the court thinks that the operation of plug-ins destroys the communication between the server and the client of the online game company, resulting in the unstable operation of the server. If the crime of copyright infringement is determined, it is that the court thinks that the program of the game software is copied by the plug-in (many times this copy is actually just a call, but sometimes the court judge may not know the difference. )

In this case, if the plug-in is just a mouse and keyboard wizard, the crime of destroying computer information system and the crime of infringing copyright cannot be applied to crack down, and the only thing the court can decide is the crime of illegal business operation. But I think that criminal punishment involves people’s right to life freedom and needs to be treated very seriously. Although the plug-in industry has done great harm to the online game industry, cracking down on plug-in crimes should also comply with the relevant provisions of the Criminal Law. If the plug-in has little damage to online games, it should not be cracked down according to crimes, that is, it does not constitute a crime. The following is a paper I recently published in China Intellectual Property Magazine, which specifically discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various charges of plug-in crimes in China.

Since Shanda Network Company introduced Legend from South Korea in 2001 and became a hit, the online game industry has gradually developed into one of the most profitable industries in the domestic Internet, and has created many richest people in China, such as Chen Tianqiao and Ding Lei. However, with the development of online games, various black industrial chains around the industry have also risen rapidly, among which plug-ins that help players cheat in games are the most headache for game companies.

As far as I know during my work in an online game company, the essence of plug-in is game cheating software, which is named because it is attached to game software at runtime. Plug-ins have the following disadvantages: cheaters’ bad money drives out good money, defeats fair gamers in the game and undermines the fairness of the game; Plug-ins increase the burden on the server, forcing operators to increase the purchase of servers and bandwidth, thus raising costs and may lead to unstable server operation; Plug-ins enable players to quickly complete the tasks in the game, abnormally increase the consumption speed of game content, and make game companies have to invest a lot of human resources to increase the development of new game content. Although it can’t be ruled out that some plug-ins are developed for the shortcomings of game software, most plug-ins do destroy the user experience of the game, increase the development and operation costs of the game company and endanger the stable operation of the game.

In China, plug-in has become an industry. For any slightly popular game, R&D teams will be responsible for developing the corresponding plug-in programs, and there will be special teams to operate and sell plug-ins. There are also professional "gold-playing" companies that specialize in "gold-playing" in the game, which use a large number of plug-in programs to earn game coins, experience values, etc. and sell them to other players. It is no exaggeration to say that the whole plug-in industry is a cancer parasitic on the online game industry, and their existence has seriously damaged the development of the online game industry.

However, how to crack down on plug-ins has always been a headache for major game companies. Plug-in operators make full use of the anonymity of the Internet, the limited jurisdiction of governments in the Internet environment, and the characteristics that online payment circumvents traditional payment channels. The operating domain name and server of plug-in software are usually foreign, and the accounts used for collecting money are usually personal accounts. Even if game companies can’t contact plug-in developers, they can only see the instant messaging accounts of plug-in operators and sellers.

In this case, if the game company conducts a civil lawsuit against the plug-in operator, it will first encounter the problem of unknown subject. In many cases, the name of the defendant is unknown; Secondly, even if we know the name of the plug-in operator or even the company that runs the plug-in, we don’t know anything about their property. The plug-in operator knows that plug-in is illegal, so the bank account used for operation will generally transfer the funds in the account to other personal accounts or relatives and friends accounts in a short period of time, so even if the civil lawsuit wins, it is difficult for the game company to execute its property. Third, civil prosecution can only attack the sales and operation links of plug-in industry, but not the development links. In the final analysis, the plug-in industry is a part of the underground economy, and it is not strong enough to crack down on it with civil litigation.

Since civil litigation is not feasible, many online game companies can only seek criminal means. However, the online game industry itself is a new industry, and the plug-in behavior that destroys it is unprecedented. Whether the plug-in behavior constitutes a crime or not, and what charges should be dealt with if it constitutes a crime, in practice, major game companies and legal practitioners have been groping for many years, and have gone through three stages: the crime of illegal business operation, the crime of copyright infringement and the crime of destroying computer information systems.

The first stage is the crime of illegal business operation.

The criminal object of the crime of illegal business operation is the market order, especially the market management system in which the state restricts the sale and purchase of goods and business licenses. The corresponding legal provision is Article 225 of the Criminal Law. As the operation of online games belongs to value-added telecommunications services according to the provisions of the Telecommunications Regulations, it is necessary to apply for the business license of value-added telecommunications services at the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. The Interim Provisions on the Administration of Internet Publishing promulgated in 2001 and the Interim Provisions on the Administration of Internet Culture promulgated by the Ministry of Culture in 2003 also stipulate that the publication and operation of online games require the prior administrative license of the General Administration of Press and Publication or local press and publication bureaus and the Ministry of Culture. Therefore, online games are an area that needs a government license to operate, and some game companies try to report the behavior of developing and operating plug-ins as illegal operations.

The specific basis is Article 11 of the Supreme People’s Court’s Interpretation on Several Issues Concerning the Specific Application of Laws in the Trial of Criminal Cases of Illegal Publications, which was promulgated in 1998: "In violation of state regulations, publishing, printing, copying and distributing other illegal publications that seriously endanger social order and disrupt market order other than those stipulated in Articles 1 to 10 of this Interpretation, if the circumstances are serious, they shall be convicted and punished for the crime of illegal business operation in accordance with Article 225, paragraph 3, of the Criminal Law."

The first domestic plug-in case: Tan, former vice president of Rising, illegally operated the plug-in case. Since June 2004, the defendant talked about a certain person and others developing 007 plug-in software for Legend 3. And set up a website to promote and provide download services, and also wholesale and retail plug-in software cards, with a business volume of more than two million yuan.

After trial, the court of first instance held that the defendant talked about a certain person who, for the purpose of making profits, carried out operating Internet information services without approval, violated the regulations of the state on publishing management, used Internet websites to carry out illegal Internet publishing activities, published and distributed illegal Internet publications, infringed on the legitimate rights and interests of copyright owners, publishing institutions and game consumers, and disrupted the normal order of Internet game publishing and operation, and the circumstances were particularly serious, which constituted the crime of illegal business operation. After the original public prosecution agency filed a protest, the court of second instance held that the actions of the three defendants had constituted the crime of illegal business operation, and the circumstances of the crime were particularly serious. They were sentenced to a fixed-term imprisonment of 6 years (two years and six months in the first instance) and fined 500,000 yuan.

After the verdict was made, major online game companies in China began to report plug-in crimes on the grounds of suspected illegal business. However, from the legal point of view, the crime of illegal business operation infringes on the national market management system that restricts the sale and purchase of goods and business licenses. If operating plug-in software constitutes a crime, it needs to be certified for illegal publications. In early cases, the General Administration of Press and Publication identified many plug-in programs as illegal publications, and every plug-in program identified by it was treated as a criminal case of illegal business operation. However, traditional illegal publications generally contain pornographic or reactionary content, while plug-in programs only help players cheat in online games, and basically do not contain pornographic or reactionary content. Moreover, the crime of illegal business operation is considered as "pocket crime" in practice. Therefore, there are also objections in theory and academic circles to cracking down on business plug-in with this crime. At the same time, after identifying a number of plug-ins as illegal publications, the General Administration of Press and Publication began to reduce the identification of illegal publications, so in recent years, there are few practices.

Second, the stage of copyright infringement crime.

After cracking down on plug-ins through the crime of illegal business operation for a period of time, judicial organs in some areas began to try to crack down on plug-ins by using the crime of copyright infringement stipulated in Article 217 of the Criminal Law. The subjective aspect of the crime of copyright infringement requires copying and distributing works that others enjoy copyright without permission for profit.

The reason for attacking plug-ins with the crime of copyright infringement is that the development and operators of plug-ins copy some programs in online game software for profit. Because the profit of plug-in is millions, it is not difficult to reach the bottom line of the crime amount punishment.

Case: Defendant Zhang et al. made and sold the plug-in software for Adventure Island game operated by Shanda Network, and the profit was huge, which was later captured. The court submitted the software to Shanghai Oriental Computer Judicial Appraisal Institute for identification, and confirmed that the plug-in invaded the online game client program of Adventure Island by means of memory hook, gained control over the memory address and data modification of the program, and called and copied the data naming and data copying of 124 client software function data of Adventure Island.

The court held that the copyright of online game software of Adventure Island should be protected by Chinese laws. Defendant Zhang and others jointly copied and distributed the online game software client program of Adventure Island for profit without the permission of the copyright owner, and the amount of illegal business was huge, and the circumstances were particularly serious, which constituted a crime of copyright infringement according to the provisions of Article 217 of the Criminal Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC). In the end, Zhang was sentenced to five years in prison, and the other defendants were also sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment.

However, the author has personal objection to punishing plug-ins for this crime: if the plug-in operator is to be deemed as a crime, it is obvious that there must be unauthorized copying of computer software. The plug-in production operators do not need to copy online game software in their operations. Even if it is to be copied, not all the game client software is copied by plug-ins, but only a few applications involving data modification; And in many cases, some programs in the software are copied between the memory and hard disk of the same computer. This behavior is essentially not copying, but calling. The online game client software called by the plug-in program is generally a legal version downloaded by the player from the official website of the game. Obviously, this is different from the original intention of the criminal law to crack down on copying-to crack down on the spread of unauthorized software. Therefore, the behavior of operating plug-ins does not meet the constitutive requirements of copying computer software without permission in the objective aspect of crime. Although the case was later included in the top ten typical cases of intellectual property protection in Shanghai in 2010, in practice, there are not many cases in which the crime of copyright infringement is used to crack down on plug-in crimes, and the cases retrieved by the author are basically applied by the courts in Shanghai.

Crime of destroying computer information system.

Although the previous charges against plug-ins are a bit problematic, with the strengthening of legislation, the online game industry finally found a suitable charge against plug-ins in 2011. Article 286 of China’s Criminal Law stipulates that anyone who, in violation of state regulations, deletes, modifies, adds or interferes with the functions of the computer information system, thus causing the computer information system to fail to operate normally, and the consequences are serious, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years or criminal detention; If the consequences are especially serious, they shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years. Whoever, in violation of state regulations, deletes, modifies or adds data and applications stored, processed or transmitted in computer information systems, if the consequences are serious, shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. However, because there are no applicable standards with serious consequences and particularly serious consequences, this provision is rarely used to crack down on plug-in crimes.

In September, 2011, the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate jointly promulgated and implemented the Interpretation on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Laws in Handling Criminal Cases Endangering the Security of Computer Information Systems, which has a clear quantitative index for the criminal consequences of destroying computer information systems, and greatly reduced the difficulty of cracking down on plug-in crimes.

Case: Su Mou and others modified the data of the online game server of Tianlong Babu through their own computer knowledge and software, implemented plug-in behavior, illegally swiped virtual currency and virtual items, and sold them online for profit. Their behavior caused a large number of abnormal accounts in the online game of Tianlong Babu to continue swiping gold coins in the game, which caused a serious impact on the virtual economic system in the game, causing the game network to be seriously blocked, and the players could not log in normally, so the operating company could only stop and maintain the server.

According to the trial of the People’s Court of Linghe District, Jinzhou City, the defendants Su Mou, Lin Mou, Zhou Mou, Li Mou, Pang Mou and others used plug-in software to modify the data of the online game server of Tianlong Babu, which caused the computer information system of Beijing Changyou Times Digital Technology Co., Ltd. to fail to operate normally, with serious consequences, clear criminal facts and reliable and sufficient evidence. In the first instance, the defendants Su Mou, Lin Mou, Zhou Mou, Li Mou and Pang Mou were sentenced to one year and one month in prison for the crime of destroying the computer information system, and the other defendants were sentenced to six months in prison, suspended for one year, and all the illegal gains and tools of the defendants were confiscated.

This case is different from the traditional case of developing and selling plug-in software. The traditional case of plug-in attacks the behavior of developing or selling plug-in, while this case attacks the gold-playing company that uses plug-in to "play gold" in the game and sell it to other players. There has been a great controversy in the industry about whether the use of plug-ins by gold-playing companies constitutes a crime. A typical case is that the Nanjing court ruled that the person in charge of a gold-playing company committed a crime with the crime of illegal business operation. However, there is obviously no national license restriction on the use of plug-ins to play gold in the game. Therefore, the case is very controversial. However, it is obviously more appropriate to use the crime of destroying computer information system to deal with the large-scale use of plug-ins to make money, because the large-scale use of plug-ins by plug-ins to make money may also lead to the criminal consequences that computer information systems cannot operate normally.

Finally, criminal punishment involves people’s right to life freedom and needs to be treated very seriously. Although the plug-in industry has done great harm to the online game industry, cracking down on plug-in crimes should also comply with the relevant provisions of the Criminal Law. From the point of view of the evolution of the charges against plug-in as a high-tech crime, although there are disputes at every stage in the whole process, it is indeed developing in a reasonable and perfect direction. Therefore, it can be seen that although there is a certain lag in the development of law, it will not lag behind for too long.

Author: You Yunting, partner of Shanghai Dabang Law Firm, intellectual property lawyer, tel: 8621-52134900, email: yytbest@gmail.com, this article only represents the author’s views. For more exciting intellectual property laws, please visit: www.legalservice.cn (Chinese) and www.chinaiplawyer.com (English).

A few days ago, the eighth season of "Ace to Ace" came to a successful conclusion. The "Ace" Happy Bus, which will be there every Friday night, is full of sadness and warmth and cries goodbye to the audience! On the closing night, all the ace members brought a special "internal award ceremony": "Get up early and be greedy for the black", "Tengli Tengqi" and "Breakthrough with Variety" … which contained the jokes and memories of the whole season. This season’s "Ace to Ace" is also the fifth year that Hua Chenyu has accompanied the program. After being promoted to "Ace Two in Charge", he has found his own variety orientation more and more accurately —— "Inference+Unique Skills+Musical Talent", which has frequently contributed high-energy famous scenes and made people know more about Hua Chenyu outside of music. Hand-painted "ace family portrait", he clearly remembers everyone’s characteristics, integrates gentleness into small details, and takes care of his strength! In front of the stage, Hua Chenyu can be called an ace game panacea, and many netizens shouted: Without Hua Chenyu’s "Ace Family" team game, you will lose half! Outside the stage, he seems to be a behind-the-scenes supporter of a program. He is wise, kind and warm, and constantly outputs a sense of security and explosion to guests and programs, illuminating the overall situation like the sun.

In the eighth season of "Ace", Hua Chenyu’s famous scenes are constantly wise and funny, and off the charts has a sense of variety.

In the eighth season of Ace to Ace, Hua Chenyu was promoted to be "the most resourceful second master", and amazing music scenes were readily available: new songs and old songs such as "Light the bonfire at the end of the Galaxy", "The Sea of the Wind" and "Ordinary Life to Unusual Life" were infinitely broadcast on the stage, which greatly enriched the visibility of the program. Piano, flute and other musical instruments surprise performances, stage cooperation with guests from all walks of life, talent competition, more like a fairy fight, frequently heal the audience. Even on the variety stage, Hua Chenyu never forgot to perform the romantic fairy tale with Martians again and again. He reunited with Grandpa and Grandma Mars on the stage of "Ace" and completed the performance together, which made Mars romantic shock everyone.

Regardless of the music world or the real world, the flowers are trying their best to dream for fans, making people believe that a beautiful new world is ahead. The unique skill of "two masters" is far more than that. "Bare-handed water blocking" imitates accurate positioning and refreshes the audience’s cognition of reaction! You can also perform "IP Man Squat" on the balance ball, which was teased by netizens: Hua Chenyu Core is more stable than my salary increase! Reasoning ability frequently shocked the guest audience, focusing on a pre-judgment that predicted you. Not only did you analyze how many people were in the bad guys’ camp, but you also disguised yourself as the bad guys’ camp, successfully disintegrated the enemy’s interior, and finally succeeded in making the order take effect, saving the day! Many netizens said: "When I saw him, I thought that team would win. Hua Chenyu is really a god teammate with a sense of security."

The output temperature of Hua Chenyu’s "Ace" five-year "broken cocoon" growth and long-term companionship strength

I still remember that Huahua, who first entered the "Ace Family" a few years ago, was shy and shy, and interacted with the guests slightly. The five-year long-term companionship also made Huahua undergo a "cocoon-breaking" transformation, not only in the music field, but also in the variety field, she frequently led the team to turn over against the wind with her keen observation and reasoning ability. In the program, he and the guests crossed the future to "become bigger and stronger"; Appreciate the beauty of the national style together; Together, we will help the national treasure to embark on the journey home … so that the audience can gain a lot of knowledge in joy.

Since five seasons, he and Shen Teng have joined forces to bring Stay with me (anti-fraud version). He has shouted "Kill Pig Plate" and can improvise anti-fraud jingles in Hubei dialect! Not only did he draw the guest stick figures on the show, but he also extended this deep friendship to the offline. He would support the film screenings of Jia Ling, Shen Teng and other guests. Every time I stand in the center of the stage and enjoy the cheers, I don’t forget to mention the hard work of the behind-the-scenes staff, know how to be grateful and cherish, and treat every collaborator as a family member, so that everyone who works with him feels like a spring breeze. He kept a high standard on the trump card stage for five years, substituted life thinking into his works, and hid the two-way trip between "fireworks" in details, which is worth digging back and forth.

　　China Net News June 13 (Reporter Dong Xiaodi) From January to May 2018, China donated 5.965 million blood without compensation, and the amount of blood collected was 2,065 tons, up by 3.6% and 5.2% respectively compared with the same period of last year, of which 438,000 platelets were collected by machine, and 713,000 blood was collected for treatment, up by 7.6% and 10% respectively compared with the same period of 2017.

　　Zhou Zhongqiang, deputy director of National Health Commission Medical Administration and Hospital Authority, said in Beijing on the 12th: "This year marks the 20th anniversary of the implementation of China’s Blood Donation Law. In recent years, we have insisted on ‘ Open source, reduce expenditure and ensure safety ’ , to achieve the level of governance according to law, blood supply, blood safety and rational blood use ‘ Four promotion ’ 。”

　　buildCovering the urban and rural blood station service system, the amount of blood donation has increased more than five times in 19 years.

　　In 1998, China officially implemented the "Blood Donation Law" and established the system of unpaid blood donation in legal form. In the past 20 years, the number of unpaid blood donors nationwide has increased from 328,000 in 1998 to 14.59 million in 2017; The amount of blood donation increased from 800 tons in 1998 to 4956 tons in 2017, an increase of more than five times.

　　Zhou Qiangqiang introduced that in recent years, governments at all levels have established a blood station service system covering urban and rural areas. By the end of 2017, there were 32 blood centers, 321 central blood stations and 99 central blood banks in China. There were 1,380 fixed blood collection points, an increase of 41.3% over 2012.

　　"At present, China’s blood support capacity can basically meet clinical needs. In the next step, we must further improve the blood safety and the level of clinical rational blood use, and strive to achieve a blood donation rate of 15/1000 population by 2020, and 100% of clinical blood comes from voluntary blood donation. " Zhou qiangqiang said.

　　Full coverage of nucleic acid detection in blood stations and blood transfusion transmission of key infectious diseases have been basically blocked.

　　As a rare resource related to national security, the level of blood safety has always been concerned, and blood screening and testing has become the key link of blood safety supply. At present, China’s blood testing mainly includes transaminase, hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis C antibody, HIV antibody and nucleic acid testing, which has been in line with international standards, and some large blood centers have basically realized the automation of blood testing and preparation and processing.

　　Since 2011, China has carried out nucleic acid testing. According to the data provided by National Health Commission, the "window period" of detection of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus has been shortened by about 50%, 82% and 20% respectively.

　　"In April this year, Xizang Autonomous Region Blood Center independently carried out blood nucleic acid testing, and China achieved full coverage of blood station nucleic acid testing, which was carried out in only 24% countries in the world," Zhou Qiangqiang pointed out. "China has established a blood quality management system covering the whole process of blood collection and supply, basically blocking the spread of key infectious diseases such as AIDS through blood transfusion. The 2017 World Health Organization report shows that China’s blood safety supply level ranks among the top in the world. "

　　On June 12, 2018, Beijing Red Cross Blood Center, unpaid blood donors were taking advantage of the machine. China Net reporter Dong Xiaodi photo

　　820,000 people have been commended for improving the incentive mechanism for voluntary blood donation in various places.

　　In order to encourage the public to participate in voluntary blood donation, China has established a system of recognition and reward for voluntary blood donation, and every two years, voluntary blood donors with a cumulative blood donation of more than 4000 ml are commended. Up to now, 820,000 people have won the award, and this year’s 2016-2017 voluntary blood donation commendation is expected to be about 390,000 people.

　　Zhou Qiangqiang introduced that the "Blood Donation Law" stipulates that unpaid blood donors have the right to use blood without compensation. Shanghai, Jiangsu, Guangdong and other places stipulate that blood donors can give priority to blood use, and spouses and immediate family members also enjoy corresponding preferential policies for blood use according to local regulations.

　　In addition, incentives have been introduced in many places, such as Jiangsu and Zhejiang, which stipulate that blood donors who have won China’s unpaid blood donation award can enjoy the three-free policy, free of bus tickets, free of government-run park tickets, and free of hospital registration fees; Kunming, Yunnan, set up a donation and love scholarship fund to help poor college students who love public welfare to complete their studies.

　　"In the next step, we should improve the service for blood donors, increase and rationally arrange blood donation points, improve service processes, and increase the comfort of blood donors in the process of blood donation; Simplify the blood expense reimbursement process and improve the satisfaction of blood donors. " Strong perimeter indicates.

　　With the continuous improvement of blood utilization rate, the blood consumption of operating table decreased by 30%

　　In terms of improving blood utilization rate, China has taken many measures, such as blood preparation, establishing blood emergency deployment mechanism, and strengthening clinical rational use of blood. In recent five years, the per capita blood consumption of discharged patients and operating tables in China has decreased by 20% and 30% respectively, and the proportion of autologous blood transfusion has increased by 30%, saving a lot of blood resources.

　　Zhou Qiangqiang revealed that although China’s blood support ability can basically meet clinical needs, it is a "tight balance" state. The aging population, the increase in the number of older high-risk pregnant women brought about by the two-child policy, and the continuous increase in the amount of medical services brought about by the improvement of medical security have put forward higher requirements for the safety of blood supply.

　　"In the next step, we will carry out a rational evaluation of clinical blood use based on a single disease, so as to minimize surgical blood use, accurately use clinical blood and maximize quality and efficiency; Guide medical institutions to carry out patient blood management, and establish individualized treatment programs for key groups such as high-risk pregnant women and patients with blood diseases; Guide blood stations to provide suitable blood varieties, including small packaged blood suitable for children’s treatment; Improve the service level of unpaid blood donation, expand the scale of fixed blood donors, and ensure ‘ Off-season ’ Blood security. " Zhou qiangqiang said.

　　As an important part of the annual "Chinese Inventory" activity, "Top Ten Popular Words in China Media in 2021" was released by the National Language Resources Monitoring and Research Center on December 13th, 2021. The top ten buzzwords released this time are: centenary of the founding of the Party, 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games, China Aerospace, Double Carbon, Vaccination, Double Reduction, Beijing Stock Exchange, Clear Action, Vaccine Assistance and Convention on Biological Diversity.

　　In 2021, the Communist Party of China (CPC) was founded one hundred years ago, with a magnificent journey and a long-lasting heart. China’s space drama continues, and the goal of "double carbon" leads to high-quality development. The establishment of the North Exchange is conducive to the "common prosperity" of SMEs. The "double reduction" policy helps to build a good education ecology. "Clear" action creates a civilized and healthy network environment for the people. Under the background of global anti-epidemic, China has promoted vaccination in an orderly manner, and at the same time provided vaccine assistance to developing countries, fulfilling the promise of China COVID-19 vaccine as a global public product; The successful hosting of the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games, which was postponed for one year, has made great contributions to the development of the Olympic Movement. The 15th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity proposed that we should uphold the concept of ecological civilization and jointly build a community of life on earth.

　　“2021年度中国媒体十大流行语”是基于国家语言资源监测语料库，利用语言信息处理技术，结合人工后期处理提取、筛选而获得。语料来源于2021年1月1日至2021年11月底国内15家主流报纸（包括国内的政府机关报、地方都市报和发行量较大的晚报），央视、央广及地方12个电视台和7个电台的转写语料，以及2个网络门户网站的全部文本，语料规模达10余亿字次。

　　附件

　　“2021年度中国媒体十大流行语”解读

　　一、建党百年

　　2021年，中国共产党迎来建党100周年。2021年7月1日，庆祝中国共产党成立100周年大会在北京天安门广场隆重举行，各界代表7万余人以盛大仪式欢庆中国共产党百年华诞，最高领袖总书记发表重要讲话。2021年11月8日至11日，党的十九届六中全会总结建党一百年来党带领人民进行伟大奋斗所取得的伟大成就和宝贵历史经验，审议通过了《中共中央关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议》。中国共产党和中国人民以英勇顽强的奋斗向世界庄严宣告，中华民族迎来了从站起来、富起来到强起来的伟大飞跃，中华民族伟大复兴进入了不可逆转的历史进程。

　　Second, the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games

　　Refers to the 32nd Summer Olympic Games held in Tokyo, Japan from July 23rd to August 8th, 2021. Affected by the COVID-19 epidemic, this Olympic Games was postponed for one year, which is also the first time in history that the Olympic Games was held in an empty venue. There are 204 countries or regions participating in the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games, with a total of 11,669 athletes. The Olympic Games fully demonstrated the efforts of athletes all over the world to overcome difficulties and practice "faster, higher, stronger and more United".

　　Third, China Aerospace

　　In 2021, China’s space industry won frequent reports. On January 29th, China’s space launch ushered in a good start in 2021 with the launch of Remote Sensing No.31 Group 02 satellite and its scheduled orbit. On April 29th, the "Tianhe" core module of the space station entered the scheduled orbit, and the on-orbit assembly and construction of the China Space Station started in full swing. On May 15th, China’s first Mars exploration mission "Tianwen" No.1 successfully landed on Mars. On June 17th, the Shenzhou-12 manned spacecraft was successfully launched, and three China astronauts lived in the Tianhe core cabin for three months, and for the first time, they carried out a long-term extravehicular activity. On October 14th, China’s first scientific and technological experimental satellite for solar exploration, xi he, was successfully launched. On October 16th, Shenzhou XIII went out, and three crew astronauts started a six-month mission … … From manned space flight to lunar exploration project, from Beidou network to Mars exploration, China’s space industry has repeatedly made breakthroughs and developed rapidly.

　　Fourth, double carbon

　　The abbreviation of "peak carbon dioxide emissions" and "Carbon Neutralization". In March, 2021, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized at the ninth meeting of the Central Committee of Finance and Economics that the realization of peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality is a wide-ranging and profound systematic economic and social change. It is necessary to bring peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality into the overall layout of ecological civilization construction, show the momentum of grasping iron and trace it, and achieve the goal of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 and by 2060 as scheduled. On October 24th, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Opinions on Completely, Accurately and Comprehensively Implementing the New Development Concept and Doing a Good Job of Carbon Neutralization in peak carbon dioxide emissions, and the peak carbon dioxide emissions Action Plan by 2030, which deployed China’s "Double Carbon" goal. The goal of "double carbon" is a solemn commitment made by China to the world, which shows China’s firm determination to actively respond to climate change, take a green and low-carbon development path and promote the common development of all mankind.

　　V. Vaccination

　　Vaccination in COVID-19 is an effective means to control the spread of the epidemic. On December 15, 2020, China officially launched the vaccination of Covid-19, a key population; Beginning in late March 2021, China gradually implemented free vaccination for the whole population; In July 2021, the vaccination work of "one old and one small" Covid-19 was steadily advanced; In September, 2021, the vaccination of Covid-19 vaccine "booster shot" was carried out in many places. At present, China ranks first in the world in the total dose and coverage, and the number of people who have completed the whole vaccination of COVID-19 vaccine exceeds 1.1 billion, and the population coverage rate ranks among the top in the world. This large-scale vaccination work cannot be separated from the joint efforts of the people of the whole country.

　　Sixth, double reduction

　　It refers to effectively reducing students’ excessive homework burden and off-campus training burden in compulsory education stage. On July 24th, 2021, the General Offices of the General Office of the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council issued the Opinions on Further Reducing the Students’ Homework Burden and Off-campus Training Burden in Compulsory Education, demanding that the education level of schools be effectively improved, and off-campus training (including online training and offline training) be continuously standardized, so as to effectively reduce the students’ excessive homework burden and off-campus training burden in Compulsory Education. The policy of "double reduction" is an important measure to strengthen the main position of school education, deepen the governance of off-campus training institutions, build a good education ecology, and promote the all-round development and healthy growth of students.

　　Seven, the North Exchange

　　Short for "Beijing Stock Exchange". It is the first company-based stock exchange established in China with the approval of the State Council. It was incorporated on September 3, 2021 and officially opened for trading on November 15. On September 2, 2021, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader announced in his speech at the 2021 China International Fair for Trade in Services Global Service Trade Summit that he would continue to support the innovative development of small and medium-sized enterprises, deepen the reform of the New Third Board, establish the Beijing Stock Exchange, and build the main position of service-oriented small and medium-sized enterprises. The transaction of the North Stock Exchange is in full swing, and the first batch of eight theme funds were sought after by investors on the first day of issuance. The establishment of the North Exchange is a milestone in the capital market, which means that the New Third Board, which is committed to serving small and medium-sized enterprises, stands at a new starting point for reform, and China’s capital market reform and development has taken another key step.

　　Eight, "clear" action

　　In February 2021, the National Network Information Office launched the special action of "Clear Spring Festival Network Environment". In May 2021, the video of "Pouring Milk for Stars" was exposed, which aroused public concern. On May 8, 2021, the National Network Information Office launched the "Clear Series" special campaign in 2021. The key tasks include "rectifying online historical nihilism", "rectifying algorithm abuse", "cracking down on online naval forces, traffic fraud, and black public relations", "rectifying the network environment of minors", "rectifying the outstanding news information in the PUSH window", "standardizing the operation of website accounts" and "rectifying online entertainment and hot spot ranking chaos. The purpose of this action is to crack down on network violations and conduct a "clean-up" throughout the network to jointly create a civilized and healthy network environment.

　　IX. Vaccine Assistance

　　In 2021, China earnestly implemented the commitment made by the Chairman of the Supreme Leader to make China COVID-19 vaccine a global public product. In February this year, China officially joined the WHO "COVID-19 Vaccine Implementation Plan" and promised to provide 10 million doses of vaccines, mainly for urgent needs of developing countries. On February 1, 2021, China’s first batch of foreign aid vaccines arrived in Pakistan, and since then it has continued to provide vaccine assistance and exports to many countries around the world. So far, China has provided more than 1.5 billion doses of vaccines to 106 countries and 4 international organizations. In the current global shortage of vaccine supply, China’s vaccine assistance has provided developing countries with a "sharp weapon" to fight the epidemic and brought a spring breeze to the global fight against the epidemic.

　　X Convention on Biological Diversity

　　On October 12, 2021, the 15th Summit of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity was held in Kunming in an online and offline way. Standing at the height of promoting the sustainable development of mankind and building a community of human destiny, the Chairman of the Supreme Leader clearly put forward a major proposition to start a new journey of high-quality development of mankind, and solemnly announced that China will continue to promote the pragmatic measures of ecological civilization construction. In the face of a series of difficulties such as COVID-19 epidemic, environmental pollution, climate change, biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation, it is of great significance for this conference to set goals and clear paths for global biodiversity protection in the future.

　　CCTV News:According to the website of China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, in order to further promote banking financial institutions to improve their credit management capabilities and financial service efficiency and support financial services to the real economy, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, China revised the credit management systems such as Interim Measures for the Management of Fixed Assets Loans, Interim Measures for the Management of Working Capital Loans, Interim Measures for the Management of Personal Loans and Guidelines for Project Financing (hereinafter referred to as "Three Measures and One Guidance"). The Measures for the Management of Fixed Assets Loans (Draft for Comment), the Measures for the Management of Working Capital Loans (Draft for Comment), the Measures for the Management of Personal Loans (Draft for Comment) and the Provisions for the Management of Project Financing Business (Draft for Comment) were formed, which were open to the public for comments, and the heads of relevant departments answered questions from reporters on the above systems.

　　1. What is the background of the revision of "three methods and one guideline"?

　　The implementation of "three methods and one guideline" for more than ten years has played an active role in improving the standardization and refinement of loan management of commercial banks, preventing and controlling credit risks and serving the real economy. In recent years, with the sustained development of China’s economy and society, new requirements have been put forward for financial services to the real economy, and some provisions in the "three methods and one guide" have also shown certain limitations and lag, which need to be updated and adjusted to better adapt to the current development trend of credit business. China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission revised the "three methods and one guideline" and the main problems existing in the implementation of related policies, which is conducive to further promoting banking financial institutions to improve their credit management capabilities and financial service efficiency and better serve the real economy.

　　2. What are the principles of this revision?

　　This revision follows the principles of problem-oriented, advancing with the times and risk-oriented. Focusing on improving the quality and efficiency of serving the real economy, focusing on effectively preventing and controlling financial risks, we will study and solve relevant problems that are more urgent in the market, and actively adjust the applicability and effectiveness of policies according to the new situation and changes in market development. At the same time, pay attention to scientifically grasping the pace of policy adjustment, strengthen the risk control mechanism, adhere to the requirements of prudence, and strike a balance between steady growth and risk prevention.

　　3. What are the main contents of this revision?

　　First, according to the actual credit business, moderately broaden the use and scope of working capital loans and fixed assets loans. The second is to further clarify the entrusted payment standards of different types of loans, optimize the management requirements of entrusted payment, and improve the effectiveness of entrusted payment execution. Third, according to new business scenarios, adjust business handling methods, support the application of big data and off-site technologies, and carry out loan investigation and management. Among them, for the working capital loans handled by small and micro enterprises, the on-site investigation can be simplified or stopped if it meets the relevant regulatory requirements. The above-mentioned small and micro enterprises include small and micro enterprises that obtain loan financing through supply chain finance business. Fourth, improve the flexibility and convenience of loan processing, further optimize the calculation requirements of working capital loans, and increase the credit method to handle the related contents of fixed assets loans, so as to better meet the financing reality. The fifth is to clarify the loan term requirements, guide commercial banks to effectively prevent the risk of loan term mismatch and optimize the loan structure. Sixth, integrate other relevant credit management systems to improve the system’s systematicness.

　　IV. What adjustments have been made to the scope of loan use and loan object in this revision?

　　The Measures for the Administration of Fixed Assets Loans (Draft for Comment) clarifies that fixed assets loans refer to local and foreign currency loans issued by legal persons or unincorporated organizations for borrowers’ fixed assets investment. Investment in fixed assets refers to the construction, purchase and transformation of fixed assets by borrowers in the course of business. At the same time, loans for intellectual property research and development projects such as patent rights can be implemented with reference to these measures.

　　The Measures for the Administration of Working Capital Loans (Draft for Comment) clarifies that working capital loans refer to local and foreign currency loans issued by lenders to legal or non-legal organizations for the daily operation and turnover of borrowers. Working capital loans shall not be used for shareholders’ dividends, financial assets, fixed assets, equity and other investments, and shall not be used in fields and uses prohibited by the state from production and operation.

　　V. What adjustments have been made to the relevant requirements for entrusted payment of loans in this revision?

　　For fixed assets loans, if it is clear that the single payment amount to a transaction object of the borrower exceeds RMB 5 million, the entrusted payment method should be adopted, and the time limit for entrusted payment should be relaxed to ten days under relevant special circumstances. For working capital loans, if the payment object is specified clearly and the single payment amount to a transaction object of the borrower exceeds 10 million yuan, the entrusted payment method should be adopted. In the case of the borrower’s emergency use of funds, the lender is allowed to appropriately simplify the materials and procedures for pre-certification of entrusted payment and review them afterwards. For personal loans, personal consumption loans with a single withdrawal amount of more than 300,000 yuan, and personal business loans with a single withdrawal amount of more than 500,000 yuan, the entrusted payment method should be adopted.

　　Commercial banks may, according to the needs of risk control, set stricter standards on the basis of the relevant standards for entrusted payment. The entrusted and independent payment accounts in the regulations are all bank accounts.

　　VI. What are the requirements for the prevention and control of misappropriation of loan funds in this revision?

　　First, the lender should agree with the borrower in the contract that the borrower should bear the liability for breach of contract when the borrower fails to use the loan according to the agreed purpose, such as personal business loan being misappropriated in the real estate field, and the measures that the lender can take to recover the loan in advance, adjust the loan payment method, reduce the credit line, stop or suspend the loan issuance, and investigate the corresponding legal responsibilities. Second, lenders should improve the payment control system of loan funds, strengthen the application of financial technology, and effectively supervise the use of loan funds according to the agreed purposes. If it is found that the borrower misappropriates the loan funds, it shall take corresponding measures to control it in accordance with the contract.

　　7. What are the clear provisions on the loan term in this revision?

　　In order to fill the gap in the system of loan term, effectively prevent the risks caused by the mismatch of loan term and further optimize the loan structure, this revision makes it clear that the term of working capital loan shall not exceed 3 years. In principle, the loan period of fixed assets shall not exceed 10 years. If the loan period exceeds 10 years, the head office shall be responsible for examination and approval, and the banks whose business scope is nationwide may authorize tier-one branches for examination and approval. The term of personal consumption loans shall not exceed 5 years, the term of personal business loans shall generally not exceed 5 years, and the longest recovery period of business cash flow corresponding to the loan purpose shall not exceed 10 years.

　　Where the relevant state departments have other provisions on the loan term of real estate loans, individual housing loans and individual student loans, the relevant provisions shall continue to be implemented.

　　8. What adjustments have been made to the calculation requirements of working capital loans in this revision?

　　Considering that different types of working capital borrowers are quite different and their actual needs are different, this revision pays more attention to the flexibility of working capital loans and supports commercial banks to actively play their subjective initiative. The Measures for the Administration of Working Capital Loans (Draft for Comment) clearly states that the lender should calculate the working capital demand of the borrower according to its business scale, business characteristics, accounts receivable, inventory, accounts payable, capital cycle and other factors, and an example of calculation method is attached for reference. At the same time, the provisions that "lenders should formulate effective calculation methods for different types of borrowers according to actual needs" and "for small and micro enterprise borrowers, lenders can analyze and judge borrowers’ working capital needs by other means" have been added.

　　9. Does the "written form" stipulated in the relevant provisions of "Three Measures and One Guidance" refer to the paper version?

　　According to Article 469 of the Civil Code of People’s Republic of China (PRC), a qualified "data message" is regarded as a written form. The relevant requirements of "three methods and one provision" on "written form" shall comply with the provisions of the Civil Code of People’s Republic of China (PRC).

　　X. How to apply the relevant provisions of the Measures for the Administration of Working Capital Loans (Draft for Comment) and the Measures for the Administration of Personal Loans (Draft for Comment) in handling Internet loans?

　　According to the provisions of Article 45 of the Measures for the Administration of Working Capital Loans (Draft for Comment) and Article 48 of the Measures for the Administration of Personal Loans (Draft for Comment), the working capital loans and personal loans that meet the relevant provisions of the Interim Measures for the Administration of Internet Loans of Commercial Banks shall be handled. If there are other provisions in the Interim Measures for the Administration of Internet Loans of Commercial Banks, those provisions shall prevail.

　　CCTV News:In the current global war "epidemic", it is almost a problem that all parents have to face when their children go to class online. As soon as this online class starts, it’s not just children who are busy. Maybe parents are more tired than children. Many parents shouted: It is too difficult to be a parent! Compared with the past, parents’ financial, time and psychological burdens have greatly increased.

　　Online course consumables buy buy buys learning costs.　

　　In online classes, equipment is just needed. The first is a computer or a tablet computer or a mobile phone, and the hardware for video connection is definitely indispensable. Then there is the printer and copy paper, and you have to finish the homework assigned by the teacher after class. According to online shopping data in JD.COM, the turnover of students’ tablet computers increased by 95% and that of home printers by 16 times in the week just after February 2 to 11. Baidu search data shows that in the past 90 days, the search popularity of children’s mobile phones, children’s computers and student computers increased by 95% year-on-year and 106% quarter-on-quarter. At the beginning of the online class, the sales of printers, tablets and laptops increased greatly, whether it was an e-commerce platform or an offline store, or even "one machine was hard to find".　

　　If you can’t buy a printer or don’t want to buy a printer at the moment, you have to spend money on printing, and this cost is not a small sum.

　　Accompanying reading and punching equipment, the whole family is busy with online classes.

　　The task of children attending online classes at home and supervising learning falls on parents. At the beginning of the epidemic, parents had to do logistics support such as equipment debugging and environmental layout for their children’s online classes while working in the cloud.

　　It’s okay for parents not to go to work. When more and more enterprises return to work, some families with dual employees are facing the problem of unattended children. In some families, the elderly can help look after the children, but they can’t afford to accompany them all day. Grandma Shi, an old couple in Shanghai, recently accompanied her first-grade granddaughter to have online classes at home every day, from 9: 00 in the morning until 4: 30 in the afternoon.

　　It is not only time that makes parents feel pressure, but also technical support at home. Online classes, computer equipment must be adjusted, right? You have to know how to fix a broken network, right? You have to be able to switch videos, right? Punching in on different online class platforms requires skillful use of various apps. Some netizens concluded that children need at least six support groups for online classes: technical support group, supervision and management group, service support group, camera group, contact and communication group and security support group, and none of them can be less.

　　Psychologically, it’s a little difficult for parents to accompany them in reading.　

　　And even if these are all in place, parents had better review the books that were thrown away before. Because I have to be an accompanying teacher, the tasks of supervising study and checking homework are much heavier than before. Chinese, mathematics, geography, history, and even art, music, sports, and handicrafts must keep up with the progress, otherwise they may be embarrassed in front of children. Moreover, many parents still have a hard day at work during the day. After work, there is still a lot of homework waiting to be done with their children. Some netizens shouted: This session of parents is too difficult!

　　Xiong Bingqi, vice president of 21st Century Education Research Institute, said that it may be because our children study at home, so many times, the school directly gives parents the task of helping their children do their homework, and it seems to be justified. But in fact, what we can see is that parents have different educational levels. In fact, parents have their own affairs, so in this process, parents are actually overwhelmed.

As a brand that focuses on avant-garde sports design among domestic independent models, Extreme Krypton has received a good response from consumers. According to the latest official news, the cumulative delivery of ZEEKR 001 owned by Extreme Krypton has exceeded 70,000, and the sales volume has increased for five consecutive months. Then why can this car achieve such results? Today, we will interpret its performance from multiple dimensions, and let’s take a look.

Hunting coupe appearance modeling

Different from other new power brands’ preferred SUV or car models, ZEKKER 001 boldly chose the design style of hunting coupe, which made it stand out among many new power models. The front part of the car has an extremely low-lying front face design, and the claw-like vertical light strips on both sides of the machine cover have a three-dimensional profile. The blackened grille in the middle is integrated with the headlight groups with regular layout on both sides. There are diversion grooves on both sides of the front enclosure, and a trapezoid shape is also arranged above the front lip.

The standard hunting model makes the side of ZEKKER 001 look full of volume, and the side of the car is not outlined by too many sharp waistlines. Instead, it is hoped that the wind resistance can be reduced through a sufficiently flat profile. The door handle also adopts a hidden design, with a certain profile fold and skirt design under the door, and the window line is sealed with black trim, which has a smart corner shape that fits the roof line and the back shoulder line.

The rear window has a great inclination angle, which is matched with the mecha wind spoiler raised on the upper two sides, so that the whole rear is in an upward contraction shape. The two sides of the through taillight extend along the shoulder line of the side, and the blackened lamp cavity shell and sharp corner shape show the sporty atmosphere without reservation. The slightly expanded rear enclosure outlines the C-shaped diversion decoration on both sides through blackening components, and the fender of diffuser decoration is also added to the bottom of the car.

Simple and scientific interior layout

The brand of New Power basically adopts a very simplified design concept in the interior. ZEKKER 001 shows a more prominent sense of layering by splicing fabrics with multi-materials and multi-colors. The air outlet is hidden in the middle plaque, and the chrome-plated materials in the details, together with delicate leather fabrics and stitching treatment, give the car a sense of luxury. The center console is equipped with an oversized suspended central control panel, which undertakes almost all the interaction and adjustment functions in the car.

The 15.4-inch central control panel is internally integrated with the latest Zhilian system of Krypton family. The whole screen is similar to a large Pad, which is divided into an application display area at the top and a menu bar at the bottom. The clear functional division and delicate display effect enhance the sense of science and technology in the car. In addition to the standard real-time GPS function and rich basic functions, the car is also equipped with car networking, which can ensure the expansibility and timeliness of applications in the car. The practical voice control has a continuous recognition function and can provide users with higher convenience during driving.

Spacious and comfortable interior space

ZEKKER 001, as a medium-sized and large-sized hunting car, has a body circumference of 4970*1999*1560mm and a wheelbase performance of 3005 mm. The front row uses an integrated seat configuration, the interior is moderately filled with soft and hard, and the seat surface is equipped with arrow-shaped stitching treatment. The rear row can bring about 3 punches of knee distance and 4 fingers of overhead space for 170cm passengers. The right backrest angle allows passengers to sit on it and have a good sense of sinking.

The huge trunk opening makes it easier for users to pick up their luggage at ordinary times. The regular layout of the inner hall and flocking coating make it easy to place conventional multi-size suitcases. The inner wall of the trunk is also equipped with adjustment buttons of air suspension, which can facilitate the loading and unloading of heavy luggage by lowering and lifting. The rear seats also support flattening, which can increase the maximum depth in the trunk to 1920 mm. In addition to a number of conventional storage boxes, an open storage compartment is designed under the central passage to facilitate the placement of passengers’ belongings.

Strong performance

ZEKKER 001 is available in single-motor and dual-motor versions, with power settings of 200kW(272Ps) and 400kW(544Ps) and torques of 384N·m and 768N·m, respectively. The violent power parameters can make ZEKKER 001 break through 100 in 3.8 seconds at the earliest, and abundant power reserves have confident and light driving performance in most speed ranges. 100kWh and 86kWh ternary lithium batteries can provide consumers with four endurance versions of 732km, 536km, 616km and 650km.

Write it at the end

ZEKKER 001, as a vehicle that fully integrates sports attributes and daily comfort, not only has a young and avant-garde design, but also caters to the mainstream aesthetics in interior modeling and configuration. Plenty of seating space and abundant dynamic performance can also balance the use of various car scenes. I wonder if you like this ZEKKER 001?

District Housing and Urban-Rural (City) Construction Committee, Housing Authority, District Market Supervision Bureau, Beijing Economic and Technological Development Zone Commercial Finance Bureau, Yanshan Market Supervision Branch, and all relevant units:

　　In order to build a property management system under the framework of community governance led by party building, standardize the legitimate rights and interests of relevant subjects of property management, and ensure the legal, safe and rational use of property, according to the provisions of People’s Republic of China (PRC) Civil Code, Regulations on Property Management, Regulations on Beijing Property Management and other relevant laws and regulations, The Municipal Housing and Urban-Rural Development Committee and the Municipal Market Supervision Bureau jointly revised the Beijing Early Property Service Contract (BF—2010—2712) and the Beijing Property Service Contract (BF—2010—2713), and formed the Beijing Early Property Service Contract (BF—2021—2712) and the Beijing Property Service Contract. The relevant issues in the implementation of the model text are hereby notified as follows:

　　One,The model text mainly clarifies the rights and obligations between the development and construction unit or the owners’ assembly and the property service provider, emphasizes the responsibilities of the parties to the contract, and clearly stipulates the responsibilities of both parties for breach of contract, termination of contract modification, dispute handling and so on.

　　Second,The housing and urban-rural (city) construction committees and housing management bureaus in all districts should do a good job in publicity and training, guide the development and construction units or owners’ congress to sign service contracts with property service providers using model texts, and do a good job in publicity according to relevant regulations. The market supervision and management departments of all districts shall promptly investigate and deal with the illegal acts of format clauses in the use of contracts.

　　Third,The model text shall be officially implemented as of the date of issuance. All units should pay attention to collect the problems found in the implementation of the model text, and promptly report to the Municipal Housing and Urban-Rural Development Committee andMunicipal market supervision and management bureauFeedback.

　　Fourth,Model texts can be found in "Window of the Capital" (www.beijing.gov.cn), "Website of Beijing Housing and Urban-Rural Development Committee" (zjw.beijing.gov.cn) and "Beijing"Market supervision administrationWebsite "(scjgj.beijing.gov.cn) for download.

Beijing Municipal Commission of Housing and Urban-Rural Development　　　　

Beijing Municipal Market Supervision Administration　　　　

June 14th, 2022　　

　　The recent intensive bank annual reports show that the retail business is becoming an important source of income for many banks, accounting for even more than half of the revenue in some joint-stock banks. Among them, credit card business has become the "main force" of bank retail business. In the past year, the volume of cards issued by five banks, including ICBC, CCB and BOC, has exceeded 100 million, and the total credit of credit cards has also increased significantly. Experts said that the enhancement of consumption driving force and the promotion of strict financial supervision are the main reasons driving banks to launch their retail business. Among them, the operation mode of credit card business is relatively simple and the profit mode is diverse, which has become the main force point of bank retail business. However, it is worth noting that with the substantial increase in the number of cards issued, the non-performing rate of credit cards has also risen, and the risks brought about by this are worthy of vigilance.

　　What is the focus on retail business?

　　The annual reports of many banks show that retail business is becoming an important source of income, accounting for more than half of the revenue in some joint-stock banks. For example, in 2018, China Merchants Bank’s retail financial business revenue was 123.257 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 16.04%, accounting for 52.69% of the total revenue. Ping An Bank’s retail business revenue was 61.883 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 32.5%, accounting for 53.0% of the total revenue. The net income of retail business of Shanghai Pudong Development Bank was 66.326 billion yuan, with an increase of 16.15%, accounting for 42.48% of the bank’s net operating income, making it the largest revenue segment.

　　The Postal Savings Bank, which was included in the sequence of "large state-owned commercial banks" for the first time this year, also made clear its strategic goal of continuing to develop its retail business. At the performance conference of the Postal Savings Bank, Zhang Jinliang, the proposed chairman, said that the Postal Savings Bank will adhere to the strategic vision of "building a first-class large-scale retail commercial bank" and continue to consolidate the strategic foundation position of the retail business. Around this strategic goal, the Postal Savings Bank is now vigorously promoting business transformation.

　　Why are banks so enthusiastic about retail business? Dong Ximiao, vice president of Chongyang Financial Research Institute of Renmin University of China, said in an interview with the Economic Information Daily that there are important internal and external reasons why commercial banks have invested in retail business. First of all, China’s economic environment has entered a stage of high-quality development, and consumption has become the first driving force for economic growth, promoting the development of bank retail business. Secondly, with the continuous promotion of strict financial supervision, the regulatory requirements for corporate business and inter-bank business of banks have been continuously improved, some businesses have shrunk, and retail business has become a new growth point. The narrowing of spreads, financial disintermediation and the increase of bad pressure also make the development of retail business an inevitable trend. In addition, the development of financial technology also brings more opportunities to the retail business of banks.

　　However, Dong Ximiao also said that the strategic strength of banks in retail business remains to be seen. "The investment cost of retail business is high. Most of the existing retail business models are characterized by cost-driven and crowd tactics, which are time-consuming and laborious, difficult to make profits and slow to get results." He said.

　　The surge in credit card volume has spurred revenue growth.

　　Among many retail businesses of banks, credit card business is particularly eye-catching. As can be seen from the annual reports of many banks, the volume of credit cards soared in 2018, and the credit card business became the "main force" for banks to transform into retail business.

　　The report on the overall operation of the payment system released by the central bank recently shows that in the past two years, the number of credit cards issued in China has increased by 221 million; The per capita holding of credit cards rose from 0.31 to 0.49. The total credit granted by bank cards increased by 6.26 trillion yuan, while the balance of credit payable increased by 2.79 trillion yuan.

　　This "Great Leap Forward" momentum of credit cards can also be seen from the 2018 bank annual report. According to the annual report of CITIC Bank, by the end of last year, the bank had issued a total of 67.05 million credit cards, an increase of 35% over the end of last year. In the whole year, 17.48 million new cards were issued, an increase of 43% over the previous year. According to the disclosure of Shanghai Pudong Development Bank, by the end of last year, the bank had issued 56.5 million credit cards, a year-on-year increase of 37%; The number of cards in circulation was 37.5 million, an increase of 40% over the end of last year.

　　Judging from the overall scale of credit card issuance by banks, among the banks that disclose credit card performance at present, ICBC occupies a dominant position in terms of scale, with the total number of credit cards reaching 151 million. In 2018, after ICBC, CCB and China Merchants Bank, the card issuance scale of BOC and ABC also exceeded 100 million.

　　Dong Zheng, a credit card researcher, said in an interview with the Economic Information Daily that the reason why credit cards can become the focus of banks’ retail efforts is because they have obvious advantages compared with other traditional retail businesses. First of all, the credit card business relationship is relatively simple. "Unlike savings cards, credit cards don’t need deposits or funds. Cardholders can conduct corresponding business operations without establishing traditional account relationships with banks. For banks, the business model is simpler." Dong Wei said. Secondly, Dong Zheng pointed out that credit card development scenarios and profit models are more diverse, and people can be subdivided through consumption characteristics to achieve accurate positioning of different customers.

　　With the rapid increase in the volume of credit cards, credit card transactions have increased substantially, and the income of related businesses has also risen. According to the annual report data, in 2018, China Merchants Bank’s credit card operating income reached 66.7 billion yuan, ranking first among the banks that have announced the credit card business revenue. Everbright Bank is 39 billion yuan, with a growth rate of over 39%, ranking first in the growth rate.

　　Wang Ximei, an analyst at Analysys Financial Center, told reporters that in the transformation of the bank’s retail business, the credit card business has strong profitability, which can also drive the development of other banks’ businesses and bring a large increase in revenue for banks. At present, the main income sources of credit cards are interest income and installment fees. Interest income mainly comes from the interest charged by the bank for the cardholder’s failure to fully repay the credit card overdraft; The installment fee is the fee charged by the bank for the cardholder’s installment repayment, including cash installment, bill installment, consumption installment and merchant installment.

　　The risk of rising credit card non-performing rate needs to be vigilant

　　According to central bank data, as of the end of 2018, the total outstanding credit of credit cards overdue for half a year was 78.861 billion yuan, accounting for 1.16% of the credit balance of credit cards, down 10.48% from the previous month, but up 18.92% from the same period last year. Insiders pointed out that it can be seen from the data that although year-end supervision has played a certain role in risk management and control, credit card risks are still under great pressure as a whole.

　　From the perspective of specific banks, the non-performing rate of credit cards in some banks has also shown signs of rising. For example, in 2018, the balance of credit card non-performing loans of CITIC Bank was 8.195 billion yuan, with a non-performing rate of 1.85%, up 0.61 percentage points from the end of last year; The overdue credit card loans reached 15.85 billion yuan, with an overdue rate of 3.59%, up 0.84 percentage points from the end of last year. The balance of credit card non-performing loans of Shanghai Pudong Development Bank was 7.832 billion yuan, with a non-performing rate of 1.81%, up 0.49 percentage points from the end of last year, and rising for two consecutive years. The NPL ratio of credit card loans of Ping An Bank was 1.32%, up 0.14 percentage points from the end of last year.

　　In view of the risk of credit card business, the annual report of CITIC Bank pointed out that in recent years, personal consumer finance business has developed at a high speed, personal loan business has gradually expanded from commercial banks to various consumer finance companies and Internet platforms, and the phenomenon that individual consumers borrow from many financial or quasi-financial institutions at the same time is increasing. Affected by the macro-economic and regulatory environment, the asset quality of the co-debt customers has shown some signs of deterioration, and it has affected the credit card industry to some extent.

　　Dong Zheng said that the current credit card risks mainly come from Internet finance fields such as online loans. "For example, some people rely on credit cards to cash out and then invest their money in online lending platforms. Once these online lending platforms have problems, the corresponding risks will be transferred to the issuing bank." He said. In this regard, he said that banks should strengthen big data risk control, effectively screen high-quality customers and reduce potential risks. At the same time, banks should also reasonably control the credit line, do not blindly take high credit as bait to attract customers, but also avoid multi-head credit and repeated credit.

　　Wang Ximei said that the sharp increase in credit card issuance may have potential risks such as excessive credit to low-end customers and joint debt. Credit card risk management can be strengthened by optimizing customer base structure, focusing on tapping high-quality customers, optimizing credit card risk control system and strengthening overdue collection of credit cards.

DecreeNo. fourteenth of the National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China

　　The Interim Measures for the Record Management of Chinese Medicine Clinics was discussed and passed at the meeting of directors of the National Health and Family Planning Commission on July 31, 2017. It is hereby promulgated and shall come into force as of December 1, 2017.

Director Li Bin

September 22, 2017

Interim Measures for the Administration of Filing in Chinese Medicine Clinics

　　Chapter I General Provisions

　　Article 1 In order to do a good job in the filing management of Chinese medicine clinics, these Measures are formulated in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Chinese Medicine Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Regulations on the Administration of Medical Institutions.

　　Article 2 The Chinese medicine clinics referred to in these Measures refer to clinics in pharmacy service that use Chinese medicine and non-drug therapies such as acupuncture, cupping and massage, as well as Chinese medicine dispensing and decoction. These measures are not applicable to those who do not meet the service scope specified above or have uncontrollable medical safety hidden dangers and risks.

　　Article 3 state administration of traditional chinese medicine is responsible for the management of Chinese medicine clinics throughout the country.

　　The local competent departments of traditional Chinese medicine at or above the county level shall be responsible for the supervision and management of traditional Chinese medicine clinics within their respective administrative areas.

　　The competent department of traditional Chinese medicine at the county level shall be responsible for the filing work of traditional Chinese medicine clinics within their respective administrative areas.

　　Chapter II Filing

　　Article 4 Where a Chinese medicine clinic is held, the practice can be carried out after reporting to the county-level Chinese medicine department where the clinic is to be held for the record.

　　Article 5 A Chinese medicine clinic shall meet the following conditions:

　　(1) An individual who runs a clinic of traditional Chinese medicine shall have the Qualification Certificate of Chinese Medicine and have been practicing in medical, preventive and health care institutions for three years after registration, or have the Qualification Certificate of Chinese Medicine (Specialty); Where a legal person or other organization holds a Chinese medicine clinic, the main person in charge of the clinic shall meet the above requirements;

　　(two) in line with the "basic standards of Chinese medicine clinics";

　　(three) the name of the Chinese medicine clinic conforms to the relevant provisions of the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Regulations on the Administration of Medical Institutions;

　　(four) in accordance with the relevant provisions of environmental protection and fire protection;

　　(5) Being able to bear civil liability independently.

　　The Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Regulations on the Administration of Medical Institutions stipulates that no unit or individual may apply for the establishment of a medical institution or hold a Chinese medicine clinic.

　　Article 6 A Chinese medicine clinic shall submit the following materials for filing:

　　(a) "Chinese medicine clinic for the record information form";

　　(two) the valid identity certificate, doctor qualification certificate and doctor practice certificate of the main person in charge of the Chinese medicine clinic;

　　(3) Directory of other health technical personnel, valid identity certificates and qualification certificates;

　　(four) the management rules and regulations of Chinese medicine clinics;

　　(five) the medical waste treatment plan and the description of the surrounding environment of the clinic;

　　(6) Fire emergency plan.

　　Where a legal person or other organization holds a Chinese medicine clinic, it shall also provide the qualification certificate of the legal person or other organization, the identity certificate of the legal representative or the identity certificate of the representative of other organization.

　　Article 7 Filing persons shall truthfully provide relevant materials and reflect the real situation, and be responsible for the authenticity of the substantive contents of their filing materials.

　　Article 8 After receiving the filing materials, the competent department of traditional Chinese medicine at the county level shall file the materials that are complete and meet the filing requirements, and issue the Registration Certificate of Chinese Medicine Clinic on the spot; If the materials are incomplete or do not meet the filing requirements, the filer shall be informed of all the contents that need to be corrected on the spot or within five days from the date of receiving the filing materials.

　　The state gradually promotes the informationization of the management of Chinese medicine clinics, and online application for filing can be implemented where conditions permit.

　　Article 9 A Chinese medicine clinic shall publicize the Registration Certificate of Chinese Medicine Clinic and the information of health technicians in a prominent position in the clinic.

　　Tenth Chinese medicine clinic personnel, name, address and other actual settings should be consistent with the "Chinese medicine clinic registration certificate" records.

　　Where the name, place, main person in charge, diagnosis and treatment subjects, technology and other filing matters of the Chinese medicine clinic change, it shall timely go to the original filing organ for filing the changed matters.

　　Article 11 It is forbidden to forge, sell, transfer or lend the Registration Certificate of Chinese Medicine Clinic.

　　Article 12 Chinese medicine clinics shall carry out diagnosis and treatment activities according to the recorded diagnosis and treatment subjects and techniques, strengthen the management of diagnosis and treatment behavior, medical quality and medical safety, and comply with the relevant provisions of prevention and control of technology-related infections in Chinese medicine.

　　Chinese medicine clinics should abide by laws and regulations when publishing medical advertisements, and it is forbidden to make false or exaggerated propaganda.

　　Article 13 The competent department of traditional Chinese medicine at the county level shall, within 20 days from the date of issuing the Record Certificate of Chinese Medicine Clinic, disclose the information of Chinese medicine clinics filed within its jurisdiction on its government website, so as to facilitate social inquiry and supervision, and timely submit the record information of Chinese medicine clinics within its jurisdiction to the competent department of traditional Chinese medicine at the next higher level. The competent department of traditional Chinese medicine at the next higher level shall conduct verification, and find that the record items that do not meet the provisions of these measures shall be corrected within thirty days.

　　Chapter III Supervision and Administration

　　Fourteenth local departments in charge of traditional Chinese medicine at or above the county level shall strengthen the supervision and management of the practice of traditional Chinese medicine clinics according to law, medical quality and safety, and clinic management.

　　Fifteenth county-level departments in charge of traditional Chinese medicine shall, within 30 days from the date of filing the Chinese medicine clinic, conduct on-site verification of the registered Chinese medicine clinic, verify the relevant materials, and regularly carry out on-site supervision and inspection.

　　Sixteenth in any of the following circumstances, the Chinese medicine clinic shall report to the local county-level Chinese medicine department, and the county-level Chinese medicine department shall cancel the record and make a timely announcement to the public:

　　(a) the Chinese medicine clinic has stopped practicing for more than one year;

　　(two) the main person in charge of the Chinese medicine clinic has his practice certificate revoked or has been investigated for criminal responsibility;

　　(three) the legal person or other organization that runs the Chinese medicine clinic is terminated according to law;

　　(4) Chinese medicine clinics voluntarily terminate their practice activities.

　　Seventeenth county-level departments in charge of traditional Chinese medicine should regularly organize the person in charge of Chinese medicine clinics to learn health laws and regulations, prevention and control of infection and infectious diseases in medical institutions, and promote the practice of Chinese medicine clinics according to law; Regularly organize practitioners to participate in continuing education to improve their professional and technical level.

　　Article 18 The competent department of traditional Chinese medicine at the county level shall establish a record system of bad practice behaviors in Chinese medicine clinics, record illegal operations, unreasonable charges, false propaganda, etc., and serve as an important basis for the supervision and management of Chinese medicine clinics.

　　Chapter IV Legal Liability

　　Article 19 Where the local competent department of traditional Chinese medicine at or above the county level fails to perform its duties as prescribed in these Measures, it shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of Article 53 of the Chinese Medicine Law if it meets the filing conditions but fails to issue the filing certificate in time or fails to inform the information of traditional Chinese medicine clinics that need to be supplemented within the prescribed time limit, and fails to carry out supervision and management according to law.

　　Article 20 Whoever, in violation of the provisions of these measures, practices without the record of the county-level competent department of traditional Chinese medicine shall be ordered by the county-level competent department of traditional Chinese medicine to make corrections, confiscate the illegal income, impose a fine of not more than 30,000 yuan, and announce relevant information to the society; Refuses to correct, shall be ordered to stop practicing activities, the person directly responsible shall not engage in Chinese medicine related activities within five years from the date of making the punishment decision.

　　Twenty-first submitted false filing materials to obtain the "Chinese medicine clinic registration certificate", the county-level Chinese medicine department shall order it to make corrections, confiscate the illegal income, impose a fine of not more than 30 thousand yuan, and announce relevant information to the public; Refuses to correct, shall be ordered to stop practicing activities and cancel the "Chinese medicine clinic registration certificate", and its directly responsible personnel shall not engage in Chinese medicine related activities within five years from the date of making the punishment decision.

　　Twenty-second in violation of the provisions of article tenth of these measures, the Chinese medicine clinic without changing the settings without filing or the actual settings are inconsistent with the items recorded in the Record Certificate of Chinese Medicine Clinic, and shall not carry out medical activities. To carry out medical activities without authorization, the competent department of traditional Chinese medicine at the county level shall order it to make corrections, give a warning and impose a fine of not less than ten thousand yuan but not more than thirty thousand yuan; If the circumstances are serious, it shall be ordered to stop practicing and cancel the Registration Certificate of Chinese Medicine Clinic.

　　Article 23 Whoever, in violation of the provisions of Article 11 of these measures, sells, transfers or lends the Registration Certificate of Chinese Medicine Clinic shall be ordered by the county-level Chinese medicine department to make corrections, given a warning and may be fined between 10,000 yuan and 30,000 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, it shall be ordered to stop practicing and cancel the Registration Certificate of Chinese Medicine Clinic.

　　Twenty-fourth Chinese medicine clinics to carry out medical activities beyond the scope of filing, the local county-level Chinese medicine department shall order it to make corrections, confiscate the illegal income, and impose a fine of not less than ten thousand yuan but not more than thirty thousand yuan. Under any of the following circumstances, it shall be ordered to stop practicing activities and cancel the Registration Certificate of Chinese Medicine Clinic, and the directly responsible person in charge shall not engage in management work in medical institutions within five years from the date of making the punishment decision:

　　(1) Having received administrative punishment for carrying out medical activities beyond the scope of filing;

　　(2) engaging in medical activities beyond the scope of filing and causing harm to patients;

　　(three) in violation of the provisions of these measures, causing other serious consequences.

　　Chapter V Supplementary Provisions

　　Twenty-fifth Chinese medicine clinic management requirements not specified in these measures shall be implemented in accordance with relevant laws and regulations and the relevant provisions of the state medical institutions management.

　　Twenty-sixth "Chinese medicine clinic for the record information form" and "Chinese medicine clinic for the record certificate" format by the state administration of traditional chinese medicine unified regulations.

　　Twenty-seventh Chinese medicine clinics that have been set up before the implementation of these measures meet the filing conditions stipulated in these measures, and can be managed in accordance with the requirements of the Regulations on the Administration of Medical Institutions or in accordance with the filing requirements before the expiration of the validity period of the Practice License of Medical Institutions; Other clinics that do not meet the filing conditions are still subject to examination and approval management in accordance with the requirements of the Regulations on the Administration of Medical Institutions.

　　Article 28 The time limit stipulated in these Measures shall be calculated in working days.

　　Article 29 These Measures shall come into force as of December 1, 2017.