Fengyun-4 Satellite Photo courtesy of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation No.8 Institute

　　During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, China plans to launch seven Fengyun meteorological satellites. By 2035, China’s meteorological comprehensive strength will reach the world advanced level, and meteorology will be deeply integrated into people’s livelihood security and industry development, and a meteorological power will be basically built. ]

　　Start wechat, a lonely villain stares at the earth. The first complete photo of the Earth released by NASA to the world is called "Blue Marbles". It was shot by Apollo 17 astronauts, and the perspective was over the African continent.

　　Whenever Chen Xiaojie, deputy director of the General Office of Meteorology and Environment of the Eighth Academy of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation and chief designer of Fengyun-4 satellite, opens WeChat, his thoughts will always fly to September 25, 2017 involuntarily.

　　That day was the day when China’s new generation of geostationary orbit meteorological satellite Fengyun-4 A star was officially delivered and put into use, and the WeChat startup screen changed its face accordingly — — The image is still the blue earth, but the location of the exhibition has become the Eastern Hemisphere, and it was Fengyun No.4 A star that shot it.

　　"The photo perspective is the earth observed from above China, and that feeling is very different." Chen Xiaojie has been deeply impressed by this.

　　At the beginning of 1969, a rare freezing rain and snow disaster swept half of China. At that time, only the Soviet Union and the United States had meteorological satellites in the world. Although China can accept foreign satellite cloud picture, it is only a simple "black-and-white image", and it is impossible to mine the original data and retrieve various meteorological elements, so its application is greatly limited.

　　On January 29, 1969, Premier Zhou Enlai put forward: "We should quickly change our backwardness and build our own meteorological satellite." In February 1970, Premier Zhou personally issued documents from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council and the Central Military Commission, and assigned the task of developing meteorological satellites. As a result, China’s meteorological satellite industry officially started.

　　Up to now, China has successfully launched 17 Fengyun series meteorological satellites, and 7 of them are currently in orbit. These satellites, which are the most "aware of people’s warmth and coldness", observe the changes of the earth in space, prompting us to add clothes and umbrellas.

　　According to the China Meteorological Bureau, China plans to launch Fengyun-4 B and Fengyun-3 E satellites in 2021, and seven Fengyun meteorological satellites are planned to be launched during the 14th Five-Year Plan period. "By 2035, China will establish a meteorological business system with accurate monitoring, accurate forecasting and fine service. The comprehensive meteorological strength will reach the world advanced level, and the meteorology will be deeply integrated into people’s livelihood security and industry development, and a meteorological power will be basically built." Zhuang Guotai, director of the bureau, revealed.

　　The fate was ill-fated, and the first star "died" after 39 days of launch.

　　On September 4th, 1988, Astrin Zhong, the chief designer of Fengyun-1 satellite, stood on the tower with a height of tens of meters, and his heart turned upside down.

　　That was the day when China’s first Fengyun satellite was originally planned to be launched. However, after the commander issued the "5-hour preparation" instruction, the control center suddenly lost all the telemetry signals of the satellite and the launch was terminated.

　　Ren Xinmin, chief designer of Fengyun-1 satellite project, ordered on-site inspection. Meng Zhizhong and Xu Fuxiang, then the chief designer of the attitude control system, climbed the tower with the test team and nervously performed "surgery" on the satellite. At this time, there are no guardrails around, and there are rockets filled with propellant under the satellite. Every movement should be careful.

　　What makes Meng Zhizhong feel stressed is that the scheduled launch time is approaching, and the stations around the country are already ready, constantly calling for news; From Beijing to Shanghai and then to the launch center, soldiers were deployed on the communication lines along the way, and everyone was waiting for the news of the launch at their posts. The troubleshooting work on the tower is progressing slowly, and Meng Zhizhong is both anxious and guilty.

　　It was not until the evening that the cause of the fault was finally found out. It was the CMOS circuit of the telemeter that had a "bolt lock" under certain circumstances. The test team took down the telemeter and repaired it overnight, and put it back on the satellite the next morning.

　　Three days later, Fengyun-1 A, which took nearly 10 years to develop, was successfully launched, making China the third country in the world with polar-orbiting meteorological satellites. However, after just over a month, the accident happened again.

　　On this day, the staff of the National Satellite Meteorological Center found that the received satellite cloud image gradually deviated, and finally only the arc of the earth could be seen. The satellite is out of control.

　　Zou Jingmeng, then director of China Meteorological Bureau, asked eagerly: Is there any other way? Meng Zhizhong was speechless.

　　Because there was no backup equipment installed, Fengyun-1 A star "died" in space in full view, only 39 days before its launch.

　　A rare satellite ground rescue in the history of world space flight

　　On September 3, 1990, Fengyun-1 B star was successfully launched. It can provide weather forecast for the 11th Asian Games in time, but after only ten days, it is abnormal.

　　Scientific and technical personnel completed the repair in time, but found a thorny problem: the satellite did not carry out anti-radiation reinforcement in component selection and software design. This loophole exposed the computer circuit chip to the bombardment of high-energy particles in space, which easily led to the problem of single event overturning, which would lead to computer malfunction and attitude control system failure at any time.

　　The loopholes cannot be filled, and the only way is to strengthen the monitoring of satellites and correct problems in time.

　　Astrin Zhonghe and Xu Fuxiang led the scientific and technical personnel to be divided into two working groups, which were on duty in Xi ‘an Satellite TT&C Center in turn. They use the opportunity of the satellite crossing the border six times a day to monitor its on-orbit work.

　　On February 14, 1991, in the New Year’s Eve, the satellite cloud picture suddenly distorted and rolled. In the next 75 days, the staff took turns on duty without interruption and began a rare satellite ground rescue operation in the history of world space. Like emergency doctors, they have revived Fengyun-1 B star again and again. However, frequent "operations" have greatly damaged the satellite’s vitality and greatly reduced its life.

　　Eventually, Fengyun-1 B star worked intermittently until November 1992, and accumulated normal operation for 285 days in orbit, which failed to reach the design life index of one year.

　　Academician Sun Jiadong, a meritorious scientist with two bombs and one satellite, has been with Fengyun for more than 40 years as the chief designer of Fengyun-2 satellite project. He once said: "I have been a chief satellite engineer in my life, and Fengyun-2 is the most unforgettable."

　　In February 1994, China’s first geostationary orbit meteorological satellite — — Fengyun-2 01 came to xichang satellite launch center. After many tests, the satellite was successfully refueled and fitted with a solid apogee engine, only to be fully tested for the last time before the transition.

　　On the morning of April 2, the test began. At about 10: 50, the solid apogee engine burned and exploded, and black smoke came out with red flames. The observation window glass was shattered and the power supply of the factory building was interrupted.

　　This major accident claimed the life of an assembly worker and caused more than 30 test team members to be injured and hospitalized. Astronauts suffered a painful lesson because they did not understand the performance and danger of hydrazine fuel and ignored the requirements of anti-static and environmental temperature and humidity.

　　Fengyun-1 star C made a beautiful "turnaround"

　　Successive accidents have caused Fengyun satellite development to fall into a downturn. But the astronauts who fell again and again stood up stubbornly again and again. They compiled heavy lessons into a book and became a typical teaching material to guide the follow-up work.

　　Meng Zhizhong was 60 years old when he was appointed to preside over the development of Fengyun-1 C star. The previous setbacks made him unwilling. He analyzed that the reason why Fengyun-1 A-Star and B-Star failed to complete their tasks was not that the performance indicators did not meet the requirements, but that they died halfway due to low reliability. Developing a long-term, reliable and stable operational meteorological satellite has become the common goal of the team.

　　On May 10th, 1999, Fengyun-1 C star was successfully launched. This launch was later selected as one of the three major events in the last year of the 20th century in China, which was engraved on the China Millennium Monument. In August 2000, the World Meteorological Organization listed the satellite in the world operational meteorological satellite sequence.

　　Fengyun-1 star C made a beautiful "turnaround". It has been running stably in orbit for 7 years, and is known as "the first long-lived satellite in sun-synchronous orbit", which has opened a new page in China’s meteorological satellite industry.

　　Since then, Fengyun Satellite’s development has become smoother and smoother.

　　In 2002, Fengyun-1 D star was launched, becoming one of the longest-lived remote sensing satellites in China. Fengyun-2 C satellite launched in 2004 was the most widely used operational satellite in China at that time, and was highly appraised by the World Meteorological Organization, and was listed as one of the important operational satellites of the global meteorological satellite observation network. From 2006 to 2014, China launched four Fengyun-2 series satellites, which provoked the burden of meteorological support for major national events.

　　In 2008, on the eve of the opening of the Beijing Olympic Games, Fengyun-3, China’s second-generation sun-synchronous orbit meteorological satellite, was launched. Since then, Fengyun-3′ s B, C and D stars have been launched one after another, realizing the upgrading of Fengyun-1. They operate in a network with complementary functions, and realize the detection from two-dimensional imaging to three-dimensional detection, and from single optics to full-spectrum wide-spectrum detection, which greatly shortens the update time of global numerical weather forecast, prolongs the forecasting time and further improves the forecasting accuracy.

　　In the international "dark war", one star does the work of two stars.

　　On January 15, 2021, the price of Taihu short-legged vegetables in Shanghai vegetable market doubled compared with 10 days ago. The local media found that this has something to do with the recent cold wave. According to the forecast of the Meteorological Observatory, there was another cold wave on January 16, and the local vegetable supply unit deployed ahead of schedule to fully carry out the emergency supply work.

　　Weather changes affect people’s clothing, travel and even all aspects of life. Tang Shihao, director of the Remote Sensing Application Office of the National Satellite Meteorological Center and chief designer of Fengyun Meteorological Satellite Application System, said that it is only one of Fengyun Satellite’s "basic skills" to provide support for accurately forecasting the cold wave and monitoring its development and influence.

　　In particular, a new generation of geostationary meteorological satellites — — The successful launch of Fengyun-4 A satellite has made China’s meteorological satellite technology change from following and running in parallel to running in parallel and leading, which has further improved China’s meteorological comprehensive ability.

　　Recalling the development and launch of Fengyun-4 A star, Chen Xiaojie felt like a fierce competition.

　　In 2016, as if agreed in advance, the development of a new generation of geostationary meteorological satellites in China, the United States, Europe and Japan all reached a critical juncture, and everyone was secretly struggling.

　　In addition to the fact that European satellites have not yet been launched for various reasons, in early November 2016, Japan took the lead in launching the "Himawari 9" satellite. This satellite adopts many American technologies and products and will replace the "Sunflower 8" previously launched by the country.

　　On November 19th, a new generation of geostationary meteorological satellite GOES-R was launched. According to industry evaluation, compared with previous meteorological satellites, the leap brought by this satellite is like changing from black-and-white TV to high-definition color TV.

　　On December 11th, China’s Fengyun-4 A star was launched.

　　Chen Xiaojie said that Fengyun-4 A star not only leads the world in its comprehensive observation ability to the earth, but also is the first geostationary meteorological satellite in the world to realize the comprehensive observation of "multi-spectral two-dimensional imaging+hyperspectral three-dimensional detection+ultra-narrow-band lightning imaging" by a single satellite.

　　In the past, the interference between vertical detection instruments and imaging observation instruments has always been an international problem. The previous practice in Europe was to put the two on two satellites respectively.

　　Compared with international competitors, the performance of Fengyun-4 A star is not inferior. Some people describe this star as doing the work of two stars at the same time.

　　According to Dong Yaohai, chief designer of Fengyun-4 satellite system, the satellite has realized the simultaneous operation of multiple loads with moving optical components through the self-developed SAST-5000 satellite platform, and all loads coexist harmoniously.

　　The multi-channel scanning imaging radiometer carried by the satellite was the most advanced radiation imager for geostationary satellites in China at that time, which could scan the eastern hemisphere every 15 minutes with the highest spatial resolution of 500 meters. "The accuracy of 500 meters is equivalent to placing a few candles a few kilometers away for a geostationary orbit close to 36,000 kilometers high, and it can be seen clearly." Dong Yaohai said that this accuracy is equivalent to the GOES-R satellite launched by the United States at the same time.

　　At the same time, the interferometric atmospheric vertical detector carried by Fengyun-4 A star can detect the atmosphere vertically; China’s first satellite-borne lightning imager can be used to stare at China and its surrounding areas with wide-angle lenses, and it can take 500 photos every second to record the frequency and intensity of lightning.

　　Fifteen years later, meteorological comprehensive strength leads the world.

　　Starting this year, Fengyun family will be "added".

　　According to the China Meteorological Bureau, the second satellite of Fengyun-4 — — Fengyun-4 B star, the development work has been basically completed. According to the plan, it will be launched this year.

　　The load of Fengyun-4 B star has been optimized. For example, multi-channel scanning imaging radiometer, some channels have been locally optimized; The spatial resolution of the atmospheric vertical detector has also been improved.

　　At the same time, a fast imager has been added to this satellite, which can flexibly observe different areas according to instructions by adjusting the lens, and the resolution is the highest among the global geostationary meteorological satellites at present.

　　Tang Shihao is looking forward to this. He said that at present, Fengyun-4 A star images China and its surrounding areas once every five minutes, with the highest resolution of 500 meters. Some weather phenomena with smaller scale and shorter duration may be missed. The fast imager carried by Fengyun-4 B star can image millions of square kilometers once a minute, with the highest resolution of about 250 meters, which has stronger monitoring ability for small and medium-sized weather systems.

　　E-Star Fengyun-3, which China plans to launch this year, will be the world’s first meteorological satellite in the morning and evening orbit. At present, the global polar-orbiting meteorological satellites are all in the morning or afternoon orbit, which means that their observation period is in the morning or afternoon. The E-Star Fengyun-3 will be observed at dawn and dusk, which can make up for the current observation gap and improve the accuracy and timeliness of global numerical weather forecast.

　　Tang Shihao introduced that after the E-Star Fengyun-3 and Fengyun-3 series satellites currently in orbit are networked, the daily observation time distribution will be more uniform, and the meteorological data of morning and evening time will be obtained. In addition, in the past, Fengyun satellite could only be observed by infrared and microwave instruments at night, while Fengyun-3 E-star was equipped with low-light-level observation equipment, which had the ability to observe visible light at night.

　　The reporter learned from the China Meteorological Bureau that the Fengyun satellite planned to be launched in China during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period will further enrich its orbital types. For example, in the geostationary orbit, there will be Fengyun satellites with different orbital positions, which will be observed by optical and microwave means. In low orbit, in addition to the morning and afternoon orbit and the morning and dusk orbit, China will also launch precipitation satellites to the low inclination orbit, mainly to monitor the precipitation in low latitudes.

　　Tang Shihao said that the development of Fengyun satellite in the future mainly includes improving the monitoring ability of atmospheric wind field, cloud and rain atmosphere and its vertical structure, improving monitoring accuracy and monitoring timeliness, and enhancing the cooperative mobile observation ability of satellites.

　　Produced by Shentong Studio

　　Written by: Reporter Fu Yifei

　　Planning: Chen Lei

How can I get the information of a truck I don’t know quickly? Domestic off-brand trucks usually stick various LOGOs on the body, including LOGO, model, horsepower, etc. It is a quick and effective way to obtain basic information from various logos pasted on the body. You can know what brand this is through logo, and you can know the name of the model through the model logo. Then you can use search engine to learn more about this model.

Logo, on the other hand, is also a way for manufacturers to publicize the characteristics of their vehicles. For example, a "4.9s" is marked on the rear of a hybrid vehicle to tell everyone that the acceleration time of this vehicle from 0 to 100 km/h is only 4.9 seconds. Different from passenger cars, trucks have more and more complicated signs, but there are also rules to follow.

Logo of BYD Hybrid Vehicle

Common way 1: Tonnage+horsepower

The seven mainstream truck brands in Europe are led by Mercedes-Benz trucks, and they like to use the sign "Tonnage+Horsepower" to stick on the door. The nameplate consists of four digits in total, the first two digits represent the total mass of the vehicle design (unit: ton), and the last two digits multiplied by 10 are equal to the maximum output horsepower of the engine. Take 2644, the main model sold in China, as an example, with a total design mass of 26 tons and a maximum output power of 440 HP. 2648, 3360, 1841, etc. are all the same.

Common body logo of Mercedes-Benz truck

Baotou Beiben Heavy Truck Co., Ltd. signed a cooperation agreement with Mercedes-Benz truck in the 1980s, and introduced a series of products. In terms of product naming, the Beiben model also continued the way of Mercedes-Benz truck, so don’t be surprised to see the same standard method as Mercedes-Benz on the Beiben truck.

Common body logo of Beiben truck

At present, Foton Motor, which cooperates with Daimler Group, has an EST super truck based on construction. Recently, it has been listed in China and started to use the same signboard form as Mercedes-Benz trucks. For example, the original 430-horsepower model only marked "430" on the door, and now it has been replaced with "2543".

MAN truck company, which is also a German brand, also adopts the standard method of "tonnage+horsepower", which is more intuitive than Mercedes-Benz’s 4-digit standard method. MAN uses the 5-digit standard method, in which the first 2 digits are the total design mass of the vehicle, and the last 3 digits are the maximum output horsepower of the engine, and the model name will be added at the front, usually three English letters. For example, MAN recently promoted 28.480 in China, TGX is MAN’s flagship model, 28 indicates that the total vehicle mass is designed for 28 tons, and 480 indicates the maximum output power of the engine.

Common body logo of Mann truck in Germany

It is not unreasonable for Italy to be dubbed Italy’s Italian-made medium-sized car. Although the standard method is tonnage+horsepower, people who don’t know it will be puzzled to interpret it according to the convention of Mercedes-Benz, because Iveco’s standard method is very confusing. For example, a Eurocargo is marked with "150E28" next to it, and many people will subconsciously think that this car is 150 horsepower with a total design weight of 28 tons. On the contrary, "150" means that the total design mass is 15 tons and the maximum output power of the engine is 280 horsepower. The latest Eurocargo has changed a new standard method, which is also composed of five digits. The first two digits indicate tonnage, and the last three digits indicate horsepower. "75-190" means 7.5 tons and 190 horsepower. Iveco’s flagship heavy truck is relatively simple and rude, and it is directly labeled as "model+horsepower", which belongs to another classification.

Body logo of Iveco truck in Italy

A few simple numbers can convey the information of vehicle tonnage, horsepower and even vehicle type. The marking method of "tonnage+horsepower" is very intuitive and effective. Experienced people can roughly guess the vehicle type and service conditions from this marking information, such as Mercedes-Benz 2648, which must be a three-axle vehicle with a total weight of 26 tons. This tonnage level with a 480 horsepower engine is more suitable for high-speed logistics conditions. If Mercedes-Benz 3360 is used, if it is a 33-ton tractor with 600 horsepower, then it is no accident that it must be designed for heavy-duty conditions, so it needs such a large tonnage and horsepower. MAN and Iveco are the same, and I have to admire the person who came up with this method at that time.

Common way 2: model+horsepower

At present, it is the most widely used method to use the model (car series)+horsepower standard method. European manufacturers think that this method is used in all series of models, and the logo consists of one letter plus three digits. The name of Scania car series is relatively simple, which is P/G/R/S series from bottom to top. The car logo is one letter, and the last three digits indicate the maximum horsepower of the engine. Take chestnuts as an example. G480 means that this car uses a series of cabs with a maximum power of 480 HP. The same is true for other series.

Body logo of Scania truck

Like Scania, there are French trucks. Now Renault’s latest trucks are divided into models with a single letter, including T-series, C-series, K-series and other models, corresponding to different levels and working conditions. The logo is also composed of car name+horsepower. The "T" of the 2015 international truck Renault T520 represents the model, and "520" means that the car is 520 horsepower.

Renault truck

Domestic cars basically use this standard method. The eldest son of the Republic marked "J6P-460" on the door to indicate that the model name is, the engine output is 460 horsepower; There are also domestic mainstream models such as U480,540, Shaanxi Automobile X3000 480 and Hongyan Jieshi C100 480, all of which are of this kind.

Body logo of Jiefang truck

This widely used identification method has both advantages and disadvantages. The advantage is that it is intuitive to know the name of the vehicle and the power of the engine, but the disadvantage is that it is impossible to infer the working condition of the vehicle from the name. Therefore, domestic manufacturers will now attach labels such as "Pilot Edition", "Sailing Edition", "Composite Edition", "Lightweight Edition" and "Smooth Edition" to the body surface to further refine the vehicle classification. If you think that this can satisfy the "show off" psychology of manufacturers, it is naive, and then read on.

Common way 3: technical identification cannot be less.

We can often see various labels such as "VVTI", "TFSI" and "1.5T" on passenger cars. These are the places where manufacturers are not or not good enough to flaunt their cars with other brands, which can be understood as a show off. For example, Toyota’s VVTI variable valve technology is a Toyota patent, and other manufacturers can’t flaunt themselves like this, so Toyota can use this as a selling point. The same is true for truck manufacturers, on the one hand, to show more information, on the other hand, to show off. Among them, the engine logo is the most common, and both domestic and foreign car companies play this set.

Starting from Mercedes-Benz, "BlueTec" can be found on passenger cars and trucks. It is the name of a diesel engine exhaust aftertreatment system originally created by Mercedes-Benz. This aftertreatment technology can effectively reduce particulates and effectively reduce the emission of nitrogen oxides. It is one of the cleanest diesel engine technologies in the world. Is Mercedes-Benz a naked show?

Technical signs on Mercedes-Benz trucks

Another model of Mercedes-Benz truck with engine will put a "V8" logo on the front of the car to tell the onlookers that this is a car with V8 engine. European manufacturers MAN and Scania also have this practice, and will add the V8 logo as an honor to the car. But now, with the emission escalation, only Scania has retained the V8 engine with Euro 6 emission, and the gold content of the V8 logo is even more sufficient in Ouka.

Technical signs on Scania trucks

Even if there is no V8 engine, as long as the engine technology is advanced enough, it can be pasted on the car as a show-off capital. MAN in Germany has an engine with Euro-6 emission. The engine model starts with "D38". This D38 engine has excellent performance, and all indicators can kill competitors, both in fuel economy and power. Therefore, MAN will put a "D38" logo on the model equipped with D38 engine to let you know that this is a car equipped with D38 engine.

Technical signs on MAN trucks in Germany

Similarly, domestic manufacturers have done a lot, and there are two brands of DCI engines with Renault technology to choose from. In order to highlight DCI engines, all cars equipped with DCI engines will add a "DCI" logo before the horsepower logo, while machines equipped with Dongfeng Cummins do not have this treatment. The same is true for United trucks. Models equipped with flagship engine series will stick a "6K inside" on the door to indicate that the "heart" of this car is 6K.

Common body logo of Dongfeng Tianlong

It sounds incredible to make a car system specially for an engine, but in fact there are quite a few. Up to now, it is the king of horsepower of European trucks. A 16-liter inline 6-cylinder engine has made a maximum output of 750 horsepower, which is enough to be proud of. For this reason, a truck is specially added on the basis of "".The front face of the vehicle is different from other FH colors, and the surface of the car body also has a special logo.

750 horsepower model

Ou Man, a domestic manufacturer, is playing this game the most. A Ou Man GTL model with an ISG engine is called "Edition", and a big "ISG" logo is attached to the side of the car body; Ou Man GTL with Mercedes-Benz OM457 engine is called "Mercedes-Benz Edition", and there is a corresponding logo on the body. Because there are many engines available for Foton models, in order to better distinguish the engine brands, there is a letter behind the horsepower logo to represent the engine brands. For example, "490 G" means the maximum output power of the engine is 490 HP, the engine is Cummins ISG, the letter "W" means, and "B" means Mercedes-Benz power.

Body logo of GTL truck in Ou Man

Standard torque

Finally, I want to talk about a very distinctive logo type. Recently, Dongfeng Tianlong flagship has put on a new logo method, changing the horsepower standard method used in the past and replacing it with 4 digits plus engine displacement. These four figures can make many people blindsided and completely unable to understand what they mean.

The latest body logo adopted by Tianlong flagship

"2330" and "13L", which is easy to understand, represent the engine displacement of 13L, because there are not many domestic models that can assemble 13L engines now, and most of the so-called 13L engines have a displacement of more than 12L, and only Dongfeng Cummins ISZ 13 has a real domestic displacement of 13L, so it is so proud to stick "13L" on the car body. The meaning of "2330" doesn’t matter, it represents the maximum torque output value of the engine, and other manufacturers mark the engine power. It is also the first time for Dongfeng to mark the torque, which is a precedent. The purpose of doing this is to show that the engine torque is large, the vehicle power is strong, and the starting point is very good. It is not known how the actual publicity effect is.

Privately, this practice is more like manufacturers "entertaining themselves." There are two reasons. The first is that the practice of marking torque seems intuitive. In fact, it is difficult for the bottom users to quantify this value, and they have no idea about it. They are used to the marking method of horsepower and suddenly have a torque, and they can’t understand how much horsepower this is. It’s like everyone says that he is xx meters tall, and suddenly someone says that he is xx feet tall, which makes it impossible to judge the height of his birth immediately according to his own experience. The second is that the labeling form is too counterintuitive, and almost no one can guess what these four numbers mean. The combination of tonnage and horsepower of Mercedes-Benz is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people and will be interpreted in the form of Mercedes-Benz.

To sum up all the models, there must be a key message-horsepower value no matter how the logo rules of different brands and models change. In the final analysis, a truck is a means of transportation, and the most basic and key indicator is the strength of power. Only when the power is strong enough can it carry goods. Basically, all truck engines are diesel engines and turbocharged, which are standard configurations, so there is no need to mark these as selling points like passenger cars. An engine will have several different output power adjustments, and with different engine types, the optional horsepower range will be particularly rich. At this time, marking the horsepower value on the body can reflect the power strength of the vehicle relatively intuitively.

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　　CCTV News:According to the website of China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, in order to further promote banking financial institutions to improve their credit management capabilities and financial service efficiency and support financial services to the real economy, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, China revised the credit management systems such as Interim Measures for the Management of Fixed Assets Loans, Interim Measures for the Management of Working Capital Loans, Interim Measures for the Management of Personal Loans and Guidelines for Project Financing (hereinafter referred to as "Three Measures and One Guidance"). The Measures for the Management of Fixed Assets Loans (Draft for Comment), the Measures for the Management of Working Capital Loans (Draft for Comment), the Measures for the Management of Personal Loans (Draft for Comment) and the Provisions for the Management of Project Financing Business (Draft for Comment) were formed, which were open to the public for comments, and the heads of relevant departments answered questions from reporters on the above systems.

　　1. What is the background of the revision of "three methods and one guideline"?

　　The implementation of "three methods and one guideline" for more than ten years has played an active role in improving the standardization and refinement of loan management of commercial banks, preventing and controlling credit risks and serving the real economy. In recent years, with the sustained development of China’s economy and society, new requirements have been put forward for financial services to the real economy, and some provisions in the "three methods and one guide" have also shown certain limitations and lag, which need to be updated and adjusted to better adapt to the current development trend of credit business. China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission revised the "three methods and one guideline" and the main problems existing in the implementation of related policies, which is conducive to further promoting banking financial institutions to improve their credit management capabilities and financial service efficiency and better serve the real economy.

　　2. What are the principles of this revision?

　　This revision follows the principles of problem-oriented, advancing with the times and risk-oriented. Focusing on improving the quality and efficiency of serving the real economy, focusing on effectively preventing and controlling financial risks, we will study and solve relevant problems that are more urgent in the market, and actively adjust the applicability and effectiveness of policies according to the new situation and changes in market development. At the same time, pay attention to scientifically grasping the pace of policy adjustment, strengthen the risk control mechanism, adhere to the requirements of prudence, and strike a balance between steady growth and risk prevention.

　　3. What are the main contents of this revision?

　　First, according to the actual credit business, moderately broaden the use and scope of working capital loans and fixed assets loans. The second is to further clarify the entrusted payment standards of different types of loans, optimize the management requirements of entrusted payment, and improve the effectiveness of entrusted payment execution. Third, according to new business scenarios, adjust business handling methods, support the application of big data and off-site technologies, and carry out loan investigation and management. Among them, for the working capital loans handled by small and micro enterprises, the on-site investigation can be simplified or stopped if it meets the relevant regulatory requirements. The above-mentioned small and micro enterprises include small and micro enterprises that obtain loan financing through supply chain finance business. Fourth, improve the flexibility and convenience of loan processing, further optimize the calculation requirements of working capital loans, and increase the credit method to handle the related contents of fixed assets loans, so as to better meet the financing reality. The fifth is to clarify the loan term requirements, guide commercial banks to effectively prevent the risk of loan term mismatch and optimize the loan structure. Sixth, integrate other relevant credit management systems to improve the system’s systematicness.

　　IV. What adjustments have been made to the scope of loan use and loan object in this revision?

　　The Measures for the Administration of Fixed Assets Loans (Draft for Comment) clarifies that fixed assets loans refer to local and foreign currency loans issued by legal persons or unincorporated organizations for borrowers’ fixed assets investment. Investment in fixed assets refers to the construction, purchase and transformation of fixed assets by borrowers in the course of business. At the same time, loans for intellectual property research and development projects such as patent rights can be implemented with reference to these measures.

　　The Measures for the Administration of Working Capital Loans (Draft for Comment) clarifies that working capital loans refer to local and foreign currency loans issued by lenders to legal or non-legal organizations for the daily operation and turnover of borrowers. Working capital loans shall not be used for shareholders’ dividends, financial assets, fixed assets, equity and other investments, and shall not be used in fields and uses prohibited by the state from production and operation.

　　V. What adjustments have been made to the relevant requirements for entrusted payment of loans in this revision?

　　For fixed assets loans, if it is clear that the single payment amount to a transaction object of the borrower exceeds RMB 5 million, the entrusted payment method should be adopted, and the time limit for entrusted payment should be relaxed to ten days under relevant special circumstances. For working capital loans, if the payment object is specified clearly and the single payment amount to a transaction object of the borrower exceeds 10 million yuan, the entrusted payment method should be adopted. In the case of the borrower’s emergency use of funds, the lender is allowed to appropriately simplify the materials and procedures for pre-certification of entrusted payment and review them afterwards. For personal loans, personal consumption loans with a single withdrawal amount of more than 300,000 yuan, and personal business loans with a single withdrawal amount of more than 500,000 yuan, the entrusted payment method should be adopted.

　　Commercial banks may, according to the needs of risk control, set stricter standards on the basis of the relevant standards for entrusted payment. The entrusted and independent payment accounts in the regulations are all bank accounts.

　　VI. What are the requirements for the prevention and control of misappropriation of loan funds in this revision?

　　First, the lender should agree with the borrower in the contract that the borrower should bear the liability for breach of contract when the borrower fails to use the loan according to the agreed purpose, such as personal business loan being misappropriated in the real estate field, and the measures that the lender can take to recover the loan in advance, adjust the loan payment method, reduce the credit line, stop or suspend the loan issuance, and investigate the corresponding legal responsibilities. Second, lenders should improve the payment control system of loan funds, strengthen the application of financial technology, and effectively supervise the use of loan funds according to the agreed purposes. If it is found that the borrower misappropriates the loan funds, it shall take corresponding measures to control it in accordance with the contract.

　　7. What are the clear provisions on the loan term in this revision?

　　In order to fill the gap in the system of loan term, effectively prevent the risks caused by the mismatch of loan term and further optimize the loan structure, this revision makes it clear that the term of working capital loan shall not exceed 3 years. In principle, the loan period of fixed assets shall not exceed 10 years. If the loan period exceeds 10 years, the head office shall be responsible for examination and approval, and the banks whose business scope is nationwide may authorize tier-one branches for examination and approval. The term of personal consumption loans shall not exceed 5 years, the term of personal business loans shall generally not exceed 5 years, and the longest recovery period of business cash flow corresponding to the loan purpose shall not exceed 10 years.

　　Where the relevant state departments have other provisions on the loan term of real estate loans, individual housing loans and individual student loans, the relevant provisions shall continue to be implemented.

　　8. What adjustments have been made to the calculation requirements of working capital loans in this revision?

　　Considering that different types of working capital borrowers are quite different and their actual needs are different, this revision pays more attention to the flexibility of working capital loans and supports commercial banks to actively play their subjective initiative. The Measures for the Administration of Working Capital Loans (Draft for Comment) clearly states that the lender should calculate the working capital demand of the borrower according to its business scale, business characteristics, accounts receivable, inventory, accounts payable, capital cycle and other factors, and an example of calculation method is attached for reference. At the same time, the provisions that "lenders should formulate effective calculation methods for different types of borrowers according to actual needs" and "for small and micro enterprise borrowers, lenders can analyze and judge borrowers’ working capital needs by other means" have been added.

　　9. Does the "written form" stipulated in the relevant provisions of "Three Measures and One Guidance" refer to the paper version?

　　According to Article 469 of the Civil Code of People’s Republic of China (PRC), a qualified "data message" is regarded as a written form. The relevant requirements of "three methods and one provision" on "written form" shall comply with the provisions of the Civil Code of People’s Republic of China (PRC).

　　X. How to apply the relevant provisions of the Measures for the Administration of Working Capital Loans (Draft for Comment) and the Measures for the Administration of Personal Loans (Draft for Comment) in handling Internet loans?

　　According to the provisions of Article 45 of the Measures for the Administration of Working Capital Loans (Draft for Comment) and Article 48 of the Measures for the Administration of Personal Loans (Draft for Comment), the working capital loans and personal loans that meet the relevant provisions of the Interim Measures for the Administration of Internet Loans of Commercial Banks shall be handled. If there are other provisions in the Interim Measures for the Administration of Internet Loans of Commercial Banks, those provisions shall prevail.

The series really kept everyone waiting for too long. This flagship new machine finally met us in November. Starting from the flagship of the previous generation of vivo X series, vivo put forward the product concept of eliminating small cups. The newly released X100 series is still a full-scale mug, and there are only two models: the large X100 and the oversized X100 Pro. Next, let me show you the highlights of X100 series and decide whether to buy it after reading it.

In terms of design, X100 and X100 Pro are inspired by the sun and the moon respectively. X100 adopts a brand-new moon ring cloud step design, and the right side of the lens module is specially treated, which is the same as the crescent moon. This crescent moon is made of aviation grade stainless steel, which can not only protect the lens, but also has the characteristics of wear resistance and paint retention.

X100 Pro is a solar ring cloud design based on the sun, which is inspired by the shining brilliance of the solar ring, and the position and color of the corresponding camera module have also changed. At the same time, X100 series is also very fine in polishing details. Not only is the lens equipped with a 2.5D gem lens, but the module also adopts the sun pattern technology of the same model of Rolex watch, which looks very advanced.

In terms of color matching, X100 is the same in all departments, with four colors, namely Sunset Orange, Bai Yueguang, Star Blue and Chenye Black. Among them, Sunset Orange is made of plain leather, which has the advantages of comfortable feel and not easy to be contaminated with fingerprints, and it is a perfect match with X100 Pro’s solar ring cloud step design.

X100 series’ moon ring cloud order is more suitable for Bai Yueguang and interstellar blue color matching. Among them, Bai Yueguang is made of glossy glass, while Star Blue is made of star-track micro-nano lithography technology, which looks like a galaxy flashing and has a very high value. The black color matching is an AG matte process, which is very suitable with both designs, and the overall appearance is low-key and restrained.

In terms of core performance, vivo X100 series is the first flagship processor Tianji 9300 released by MediaTek. This chip adopts a full-core design, and the CPU part is composed of four Cortex-X4 supercomputers and four Cortex-A720 supercomputers, with no small cores. Among them, the highest frequency of super-large core can reach 3.25GHz, and its performance can be said to be very powerful.

In terms of GPU, Tianqi 9300 has a built-in 12-core Immortalis-G720 graphics processor, which can bring about an overall improvement in performance and energy efficiency. X100 series models equipped with Titianji 9300 chip also brought the launch of the seventh generation AI processor APU790 and the second generation ray tracing engine.

It is worth mentioning that the flagship processor of Tianji 9300 was jointly developed by vivo and MediaTek, and the performance, AI, image and battery life of the processor were jointly optimized by the two policies, bringing users a more reliable and smooth computer experience.

The performance of Tianji 9300 didn’t disappoint us either, and it formed a three-legged situation with the previously released A17 Pro and the third-generation Snapdragon 8. I believe that in the future, Tianji 9300 will have more room to play, and more and more flagship machine will choose Tianji processor.

Image performance is the strength and killer of vivo X series. This time, vivo X100 brought a 50-megapixel super-sensitive VCS bionic main camera, a 64-megapixel Zeiss super telephoto lens and a 50-megapixel super wide-angle lens, and also equipped with a dToF laser focusing sensor and a self-developed image chip V2.

X100 Pro’s imaging ability is stronger. The main camera is IMX989 true one-inch sensor, supplemented by 50-megapixel Zeiss super telephoto lens and 50-megapixel super wide-angle lens. It is also equipped with dToF laser focusing sensor. It can be said that X100 Pro’s hardware crushed friends in the flagship mobile phone with new processor at the end of this year.

That’s not all. X100 Pro has also brought us a brand-new self-developed video chip V3. This chip adopts 6nm process, and its energy efficiency is increased by 30% compared with the previous generation. It supports 4K movie-level portrait video, and at the same time, it can optimize the game, and the frame rate can be inserted to 120 frames, which can be said to be very comprehensive.

At the level, vivo continues to cooperate deeply with Zeiss. X100 is equipped with B-Speed blur, a new member of Zeiss lens protection, and also supports five portrait environment points. With Zeiss style and color, X100 continues to consolidate the leading position of mobile portrait photography. Finally, three kinds of personalized watermark photo frames are added in X100, which can be added according to your own preferences.

In terms of system, vivo X100 will be equipped with the newly released OriginOS4. The new system will continue to upgrade the appearance of the system, giving users a higher degree of freedom, and the system settings will be updated with brand-new color icons, which will make the display clearer, the font look more comfortable, and the overall system will look more beautiful and practical.

Of course, the key upgrade of OriginOS4 is the big blue heart model. The brand-new blue heart model has three core functions, namely, a large text model built for end testing, a dialogue function developed for natural dialogue, and the ability to cope with extreme scenes.

After calling Blue Heart V, you can ask it to help you write a copy, a weekly report, and also help you summarize the key points of an article or paper. You can be a good hand in writing. He can also help you find files or photos in your mobile phone quickly, just like your intimate electronic secretary, and even he can keep chatting and solve your boring time.

Generative AI is a very hot topic this year. I believe that everyone has heard or used the ability of AI to improve the efficiency of daily work and life. The convenience provided by Blue Heart V can involve all aspects of life. I believe you will like it if you use it.

In terms of other configurations, the vivo X100 series is also generous. Stereo double lift, full scene NFC, X-axis linear motor, infrared remote control and IP68 protection are all standard. Pro version is more hard-core configuration such as universal signal amplification system, independent -Fi chip, 3-microphone and 6-channel radio system.

In terms of endurance, the vivo X100 has a built-in 5000mAh blue ocean battery, which increases the energy density by 8.3% compared with the previous generation and supports 120W dual-core flash charging. It has a built-in 5400mAh blue ocean battery, which supports 100W dual-core flash charging and 50W wireless charging. The X100 weighs about 202g, while the X100 Pro with better configuration is 221g.

So, how to choose X100 and X100 Pro? First of all, the configurations of these two mobile phones are quite high. I think that professional players who require high price for taking photos can go to X100 Pro, because they have stronger image performance and battery life, and are more hardcore. X100 can meet all the needs of taking photos in our daily life, and is suitable for friends who are looking for cost performance and thinness.

At present, vivo X100 series mobile phones have been put on the platform of JD.COM, and now you can enjoy multiple preferential gifts when you participate in pre-order activities. Interested friends can click on the link below the article to learn more and participate in the activities.