On November 29th, 2004, the 8th China-ASEAN Leaders’ Meeting was held in Vientiane, Laos. Under the witness of Premier Wen Jiabao and the leaders of the 10 ASEAN countries, the Minister of Commerce and the economic ministers of the 10 ASEAN countries jointly signed the China-ASEAN Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation and the Agreement on Trade in Goods. On July 20th this year, the tax reduction plan of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area, the core content of the Agreement on Trade in Goods, was fully launched. This marks that the Agreement on Trade in Goods has officially entered the implementation stage, and also marks that the construction process of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area has been fully kicked off. In order to make readers have a more comprehensive understanding of the contents of the Agreement on Trade in Goods, grasp the specific arrangements of the construction process of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area, and make good use of the opportunities that the Free Trade Area will bring, this paper makes a general introduction to the Agreement.

　　The Agreement on Trade in Goods is a legal document regulating the arrangement of tariff reduction and dealing with non-tariff measures in the trade in goods between China and ASEAN. It has 23 clauses and 3 annexes, mainly including tariff reduction and cancellation, revision of concessions, quantitative restrictions and non-tariff barriers, safeguard measures, accelerated implementation of commitments, general exceptions, security exceptions, institutional arrangements and deliberations.

　　I. Classification of Free Trade Zone Products

　　According to the Agreement on Trade in Goods, all products are divided into two categories: normal products and sensitive products, except for the early harvest products with tax reduction arrangements.

　　In normal products, products are divided into two categories: first-track products and second-track products. What they have in common is that the final tax rate should be zero, but the difference is that the second-track products can enjoy certain flexibility in the time of canceling tariffs. Among the sensitive products, according to the degree of sensitivity, the products are subdivided into general sensitive products and highly sensitive products. What they have in common is that the final tax rate may not be zero, but the difference is that the general sensitive products will reduce their tariffs to a relatively low level after a period of time, while the highly sensitive products will eventually retain relatively high tariffs.

　　The product classification of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area can be illustrated by the following table:

　　Second, the tax reduction mode of normal products

　　The negotiation of goods trade in China-ASEAN Free Trade Area adopts a "negativelist" mode, and all products that are not included in the list of sensitive products are regarded as normal products. Therefore, under the framework of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area, most products are normal products.

　　The Agreement on Trade in Goods specifies in detail the mode of tariff reduction and elimination for normal products, among which the special and differential treatment for new ASEAN members is an important principle embodied in the Agreement. The main provisions are:

　　(1) Tax reduction steps: For China and six ASEAN countries (old ASEAN members, namely Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand), the normal products will be reduced in July 2005, and the tariffs will be reduced once on January 1, 2007 and January 1, 2009 respectively, and the tariffs will be finally reduced to zero on January 1, 2010; For the new members of ASEAN (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam), the tariff will be reduced from July 2005, and the tariff will be reduced on January 1st every year from 2006 to 2009, and the tariff will not be reduced in 2010, and the tariff will be reduced every two years from 2011, and the tariff will be reduced to zero by 2015.

　　(2) Starting tax rate for tax reduction: The Agreement on Trade in Goods classifies products according to their starting tax rate, and each category follows a certain tax reduction model, and finally the tariff is reduced to zero. Generally speaking, at present, products with higher tax rates have a larger tax reduction rate and a faster rate of reduction, while products with lower tariffs have a smaller tax reduction rate and a slower rate, which can ensure the steady tax reduction of all products. Compared with China and the old ASEAN members, the new ASEAN members have a finer product classification, a more gentle tax reduction, and a longer time from the beginning of tax reduction to the abolition of tariffs.

　　(III) Normal products on Track 2: The tax reduction mode of normal products on Track 2 is exactly the same as that of normal products on Track 1. The only difference is that when the tariff of normal products on Track 2 is reduced to below 5% according to the tax reduction mode, the tariff can be kept at no more than 5%, and it will be zero later than that of normal products on Track 1. For China and six ASEAN countries, the tariffs on normal products on Track 2 should be abolished on January 1, 2012, and for new ASEAN members, the tariffs on normal products on Track 2 should be abolished on January 1, 2018. However, there are certain restrictions on the number of track two products. The track two products of China and six ASEAN countries shall not exceed 150 six-digit tax items, and the new ASEAN members shall not exceed 250 six-digit tax items.

　　(four) the specific tax reduction model of normal products in various countries:

　　1. China and six ASEAN countries.

　　2. Vietnam

　　3. Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar

　　To sum up, the tariffs on track one normal products of China and six ASEAN countries should be abolished on January 1, 2010, and the tariffs on track two normal products should be finally abolished before January 1, 2012. The tariffs on normal products of Track 1 of new ASEAN members should be abolished on January 1, 2015, and the tariffs on normal products of Track 2 should be finally abolished before January 1, 2018.

　　Tax reduction mode of sensitive products

　　(I) Types of Sensitive Products Sensitive products are products that need to be protected for the development of domestic industries. It has certain particularity, and it takes a long time to reduce taxes, and the final tax rate cannot be zero, but it should be kept at a certain tariff level. According to the Agreement on Trade in Goods, sensitive products can be divided into general sensitive products and highly sensitive products according to their sensitivity. China put forward a list of sensitive products for the ten ASEAN countries, which is also applicable to the ten countries; Ten ASEAN countries put forward their own lists of sensitive products for China, and the listed sensitive products are only applicable to China.

　　In China-ASEAN Free Trade Area, each party has put forward different sensitive products according to its own situation. China’s sensitive products mainly include rice, natural rubber, palm oil, some chemicals, digital TV, plates and paper products. ASEAN countries have put forward sensitive products such as rubber products, plastic products, ceramic products, some textiles and clothing, steel products, some household appliances, automobiles and motorcycles.

　　(II) Upper Limit of Sensitive Products According to the Agreement on Trade in Goods, sensitive products are subject to two indicators, namely, the number of tax items and the import amount. In other words, the number of sensitive products cannot exceed a certain tax item, and the import amount affected by sensitive products of one party cannot exceed a certain proportion of the total import of that party, but the agreement also makes special arrangements for new members of ASEAN. The upper limit of sensitive products in each country is as follows: 1. China and six ASEAN countries: the number shall not exceed 400 (six tax items), and the import value shall not exceed 10% of the total import value (based on the data in 2001).

　　2. Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar: The number does not exceed 500 (six tax items), and there is no import ceiling.

　　3. Vietnam: The number shall not exceed 500 (six-digit tax items), and there is no upper limit for import, but Vietnam shall reduce the tariffs on sensitive products to a certain extent within the specified time.

　　(III) Tax reduction mode of sensitive products Generally, the tax reduction mode of sensitive products is different from that of highly sensitive products. Generally, the final tax rate of sensitive products is lower than that of highly sensitive products because of their low sensitivity, but the number of highly sensitive products is also subject to certain constraints.

　　1. Tax reduction mode for general sensitive products: (1) China and six ASEAN countries: reduced to 20% on January 1, 2012, and further reduced to below 5% on January 1, 2018.

　　(2) Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam: it was reduced to 20% on January 1, 2015, and further reduced to less than 5% on January 1, 2020.

　　2. Tax reduction mode of highly sensitive products: China and six ASEAN countries should reduce the tariff of highly sensitive products to less than 50% on January 1, 2015, but the number of highly sensitive products should not exceed 100 six-digit tax items.

　　The new ASEAN members should reduce the tariffs on highly sensitive products to less than 50% on January 1, 2018, but the number of highly sensitive products in Vietnam should not exceed 150 six-digit tariff items, and Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar should not exceed 150 six-digit tariff items.

　　Rules of origin

　　Rules of origin are the yardstick to determine the "identity" of products. The rules of origin of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area are based on "value-added standards". According to the Agreement on Trade in Goods, if the value-added of local processing of a product is not less than 40% of the total value of the product, the product can be considered as a product originating from China-ASEAN Free Trade Area and enjoy the preferential tax rate of the free trade area in import and export trade. Because the early harvest products are mainly agricultural products, the criterion of "complete acquisition" is basically adopted. A few products with special circumstances, such as textiles and wool products, adopt other methods of origin determination, such as processing procedures and tax number change.

　　At present, the certificate of origin of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area uses FormE, which is different from the format of WTO certificate of origin. In China, it is issued by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine and local inspection and quarantine departments. With this certificate, you can enjoy the preferential tariffs of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area at customs clearance.

　　safeguard measure

　　Trade remedy measures are the "safety valves" of import and export trade, mainly including anti-dumping, countervailing and safeguard measures. The Agreement on Trade in Goods stipulates that the anti-dumping and countervailing measures of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area shall be subject to the relevant provisions of WTO. However, in terms of safeguard measures, in order to ensure that their domestic industries are not seriously affected, the agreement stipulates safeguard measures for the free trade zone, allowing all parties to adopt them when necessary.

　　The main content of safeguard measures in China-ASEAN Free Trade Area is that when the domestic production department of a product suffers substantial damage or threat of material injury due to the surge of imports from within China-ASEAN Free Trade Area, a contracting party may initiate safeguard measures and raise tariffs on products from China-ASEAN Free Trade Area. However, in order to avoid abuse of safeguards, the agreement also stipulates the restrictive conditions for each party to use safeguards. First, as far as specific products are concerned, the time limit for the use of safeguard measures is within five years from the date when the product starts to reduce taxes to the date when the product reduces taxes; Second, one implementation period shall not exceed three years, and the extension period shall not exceed one year; Third, the tariff rate for implementing safeguard measures shall not be higher than the MFN tariff rate for this product when taking safeguard measures; Fourthly, FTZ safeguard measures should not be used at the same time as WTO safeguard measures. The formulation of these rules, on the one hand, ensures the right of members to use safeguard measures, on the other hand, maintains the normal trade order.

　　Quantitative restrictions and non-tariff barriers

　　According to the Agreement on Trade in Goods, each contracting party should not keep any quantitative restrictions, and non-WTO contracting parties should gradually lift their quantitative restrictions. At the same time, all parties should determine their remaining non-tariff barriers as soon as possible and gradually abolish them. This provision is of great significance to effectively ensure the degree of self-ownership of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area.

　　Recognize China’s market economy status

　　In Article 14 of the Agreement on Trade in Goods, the ten ASEAN countries explicitly recognized that China is a complete market economy, and promised not to apply Articles 15 (anti-dumping substitute pricing clause) and 16 (special safeguard measures clause) of the Protocol on People’s Republic of China (PRC)’s accession to the World Trade Organization and paragraph 242 (special textile safeguard clause) of the Report of the Working Party on China’s accession to the World Trade Organization to China. This provision is of special significance to China, which not only strives for a fair and just trade competition environment for Chinese enterprises in the free trade zone, but also plays a good exemplary role in promoting other countries in the world to recognize China’s market economy status.

　　Other issues

　　The Agreement on Trade in Goods stipulates that all parties shall abide by the relevant provisions of the WTO in terms of technical barriers to trade, sanitary and phytosanitary measures and intellectual property agreements. The provisions of WTO multilateral trade in goods that are not specifically mentioned or amended in other agreements shall be applicable to China-ASEAN Free Trade Area after being amended. The agreement also provides for transparency standards, accelerated tax reduction arrangements, general exceptions, security exceptions, and related procedures and institutional arrangements.

　　The Agreement on Trade in Goods is a landmark agreement between China and ASEAN. Its achievement and implementation laid the foundation and paved the way for the comprehensive construction of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area. We should fully understand this agreement, seize the new opportunities arising from the FTA, and make new efforts to deepen and develop mutually beneficial and win-win cooperation with ASEAN countries.

　　(Editor: Fan Wei Source: International Business Daily China ASEAN Business Weekly Reporter: Shang Guofan)

In the past two years, the state and local governments have issued a series of policies to support the power exchange mode, explicitly supporting the construction of power exchange stations and encouraging the separation of vehicles and electricity.

By the end of April 2021, there were 63,000 public charging stations and 870,000 public charging piles in China. The total number of power stations is about 650, of which Beijing accounts for 33%, Guangdong accounts for 16%, and Zhejiang, which ranks third, accounts for 8%, while the number of power stations in other provinces is very low.

It can be seen that the current situation of power exchange station in China is low in quantity and uneven in distribution, and it is only used as a supplementary means of charging mode at present.

Then, can the future power exchange mode develop rapidly and become the ultimate mode of electric vehicle power supply?

Advantages:

1. The separation of vehicle and electricity in power exchange mode can reduce the cost of car purchase. Consumers only buy electric cars, and the batteries are used by leasing.

2. The replaced storage battery can be charged during the low power consumption period, and the power consumption cost is low.

3. Changing the power solves the problems of long charging time and short driving range. The split-box power exchange technology adopted by Bertram Technology can complete the power exchange within 5 minutes; The chassis power exchange technology adopted by Weilai can complete the power exchange in 3 minutes, which greatly relieves the mileage anxiety of car owners.

4. The closed-loop management of battery is realized by changing power, and the battery life is improved. The maintenance, recovery and reuse of batteries are handled by power grid enterprises.

5. Change electric energy to improve the efficiency of operating vehicles.

Disadvantages:

1. The construction cost of power exchange station is high.

2. There are many kinds of batteries, and it is difficult to unify the specifications.

3. The battery performance is quite different.

4. There are security risks: whether the battery box is firmly combined with the car body, and whether the power supply and communication interface are reliable in the state of frequent power exchange are all risks in the power exchange mode.

From the perspective of investment cost, changing power stations > charging piles.

The investment cost of a power station is about 1.5 million to 4 million yuan, including fixed assets investment Q, site rental, personnel operation and maintenance, etc. Looking back at ordinary fast-charging piles, the cost of charging piles ranges from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands according to the charging power. The slow filling pile is cheaper, usually it can be built within 10 thousand yuan, and it is small and convenient.

From the perspective of investment cost, the power exchange station is higher than the charging pile. This is also why the penetration rate of domestic charging piles is much higher than that of changing power stations.

From the point of use efficiency, changing power station > charging pile.

● The power changing time of the power changing station is about 5 minutes;

● The charging time of fast filling pile is 30-60 minutes (charging to 80%); Slow charging can be as long as several hours.

Compared with the refueling of traditional fuel vehicles, changing electricity is closer to refueling and more efficient in terms of use time. However, the actual charging time of the current fast-charging charging pile is related to the battery capacity (size), charging pile power (speed) and rate limit (protection) of the electric vehicle, and can not fully reach the rated power of the charging pile.

From the perspective of use cost, the power station is less than or equal to the charging pile.

In terms of the use cost of power exchange, taking Weilai as an example, the price of power exchange is 180 yuan, the battery capacity is 70Kwh, and the cruising range is about 420 kilometers, equivalent to 0.42 yuan per kilometer; Taking BAIC Q as an example, three electricity exchange packages were launched: package A is 432 yuan/1,200 kilometers; B Package 630 yuan /1800 km; C package 1020 yuan /3000 kilometers. It’s about 0.34 yuan per kilometer.

Generally, the battery capacity of electric vehicles is about 50Kwh, and the first charge (public) is about 1.5 yuan. The cost of fully charging is 75 yuan RMB, and the cruising range is about 300km, which is equivalent to about 0.25 RMB per kilometer. For drivers who make a living by operation and people whose expenses need to be controlled, the lower the price, the better. For people with relatively high incomes, it is almost negligible. However, although the difference between the two kinds of charging costs is nearly double, consumers’ perception is not obvious, and they can’t feel it in the short term, but many a mickle makes a mickle in the long run.

From the point of view of practical promotion and use, changing power station ≤ charging pile

Charging piles can appear in the form of "charging stations" or "single piles". For the site requirements, the DC pile is slightly larger, and less than 1 square meter is enough; AC installation can be divided into wall-mounted type and column type. The former is hung on the wall and does not occupy the floor area, while the latter has thin columns and hardly occupies the area.

The battery pack storage warehouse, mechanical installation arm and distribution system between the warehouse and the power station are needed in the power station. Even if it is streamlined, it needs to "occupy a lot of territory."

In addition, both the power station and the charging pile will face the same kind of "waiting problem", that is, queuing to charge/change electricity. -At a site with a large flow of electric vehicles, the frequency of charging personnel is very high, and there will be phenomena such as queuing for charging piles and queuing for changing electricity. Charging piles take a long time and often wait for a long time; It is faster to change power at a power station, but if the battery in the library is not full, it still needs to wait for a long time.

Therefore, from the perspective of investors’ input, consumers’ experience and cost use, and manufacturers’ production standards, input and use costs have become a set of contradictions. According to market rules, the price should be higher under high input, but investors stand in the perspective of laying and promoting first, and take this high cost to consumers. Therefore, it has created a difficult situation that investors can’t make money in a short time, which further limits the pace for investors to continue to promote and expand. And manufacturing companies, including car companies and battery manufacturers, have different specifications without standard implementation, so there will be a kind of chaos: There are a lot of power stations, but the power stations that support my family can’t be used in your family.

However, taking history as a mirror, some good things are not popular at present, not because they are bad, but because of various reasons, such as current politics, cost, trust and so on, it may be possible to change time, a group of people and a place. From the perspective of user-oriented experience, people are often willing to "pay the price" and pay for it.

Popularization needs comprehensive development in investment cost performance, engineering feasibility, safety and controllability, and also needs policy support and assistance in standard formulation. It also needs users to experience low use cost, convenient use, safety and reliability to form trust.

Therefore, in a broad sense, it is difficult to promote the power exchange mode, but it can really solve the long-term problem of difficult charging; From the narrow sense of a single brand and model, the battery changing mode has indeed solved the problem of difficult/slow charging.

Dawn News Network-Dawn News On April 1, the reporter walked into the construction site of the molten salt heat storage project of Guoneng Suzhou Thermal Power Co., Ltd., and the engineering vehicles shuttled back and forth, the pile driver rumbled, the workers were skilled, and the steel bars were steadily driven into the foundation … The construction of the molten salt heat storage project was in full swing.

Molten salt has the characteristics of high boiling point, low viscosity, low steam pressure and high volume heat, and it is an excellent heat transfer and storage medium. Molten salt heat storage technology uses the temperature difference generated during the heating and cooling of molten salt to realize thermal energy storage. According to Wu Xing, director of the production technology department of Guoneng Suzhou, by applying molten salt heat storage technology, the heat energy generated in the process of coal-fired power generation is stored in molten salt when the power grid is low, and released when the power supply load is low, which is equivalent to providing a super "charging treasure" for the coal-fired generator set.

In the list of green and low-carbon advanced technology demonstration projects (the first batch) recently published by the National Development and Reform Commission, the molten salt heat storage project of Guoneng Suzhou Thermal Power Co., Ltd. ranks among them, which is a breakthrough in the transformation of molten salt heat storage technology achievements in our city.

This project is the first molten salt energy storage project instead of electrochemical energy storage project in China, and it is also the world’s largest coal-fired generator set coupled molten salt heat storage project at present. It has more than 40 invention patents, completely independent intellectual property rights, and all core equipment is localized.

"The selection of this project marks that the innovation of molten salt heat storage applied to coal-fired power flexibility transformation technology has been fully recognized in the green and low-carbon field, and it has also injected new impetus into the company’s sustainable development." Wu Xing told reporters that the project integrates domestic top scientific research institutes and equipment manufacturing units, breaks through the bottleneck of thermoelectric coupling of some traditional coal-fired generating units, improves the regulation capacity of coal-fired generating units by storing and releasing thermal energy, better adapts to the changes in power system demand, realizes flexible power supply scheduling, and achieves efficient utilization of green and low-carbon energy.

According to the calculation, after the project is put into operation, the maximum load of the generator set with heating can be increased from 80% to 100% of the rated load, and the power generation capacity of renewable energy can be increased by 70 MW and 350 MWh, which can reduce 60,000 tons of coal combustion and 85,000 tons of carbon emissions throughout the year, ensuring the heating safety of 51 industrial and commercial enterprises in Suzhou, which is of great strategic significance for optimizing the energy structure, energy saving and emission reduction and promoting the development of clean energy industry in Suzhou.

The application of molten salt heat storage in coal-fired power flexibility transformation technology is just a microcosm of Guoneng Suzhou Company’s active exploration of new energy storage technology. Wu Xing said that the company will take this as a new starting point, continuously increase investment in energy innovation, strengthen cooperation with the New Energy Technology Research Institute of the National Energy Group and leading enterprises in the industrial chain, jointly accelerate the progress of the project, strive to achieve more independent innovation achievements, provide support for the construction of a new energy system in our city, and help achieve the goal of "double carbon". (Reporter Han Rui)

There are many respiratory diseases in children in winter, among which influenza virus is one of the common pathogens. What are the typical symptoms of influenza? How does the flu spread and how long is the incubation period of the flu?

1. What are the typical symptoms of influenza?
Children infected with influenza virus can show fever, chills, headache, myalgia and other general malaise, often accompanied by respiratory diseases, such as cough, sore throat and runny nose.
The degree of fever in young children may be heavier, and some children may also have febrile convulsions; In addition, they will have more gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and poor appetite.
A very small number of children infected with influenza may develop into severe influenza, causing laryngitis, pneumonia, encephalopathy, myocarditis and so on.

2. How does the flu spread and how long is the incubation period?
Influenza virus can spread from person to person through respiratory droplets (such as sneezing, coughing and talking) or after polluting the surface of objects.
Influenza viruses can also spread through small air particles released by influenza patients when they breathe. Influenza patients are the main source of infection.
The incubation period of influenza is generally 1~7 days, and most of them are 2~4 days.

3. How long is the general course of influenza and what is the change of the course?
For children without basic diseases, the course of influenza virus infection is acute and self-limited, and most symptoms disappear within 2~3 days after onset. Some children’s fever lasts for 5 days, and most of them recover within 1 week. However, cough may last for a long time, and the fatigue of a few older children (over seven or eight years old) may last for several weeks.

4. How to distinguish the flu from the common cold?
The full name of the flu is called "influenza", and you may think it is similar to the common cold, but the flu and the common cold cannot be confused.
The common cold can be caused by many pathogens, among which viruses are the most common, including rhinovirus, adenovirus, metapneumovirus, bocavirus, etc. Bacteria and mycoplasma can also cause the common cold.
The symptoms of the common cold are mild, usually low-to-moderate fever, which lasts for 1-2 days, and may be accompanied by symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, stuffy nose and slight cough, while systemic symptoms such as chills, headache and joint muscle pain are very mild. Generally, there are no serious complications.
Influenza is mainly caused by influenza A and B virus infection, with high fever, shivering, headache, joint muscle pain and other systemic symptoms. A few influenza patients may have complications such as rhabdomyolysis, pneumonia, encephalitis and encephalopathy.
In the flu season, children with flu-like symptoms, especially those with a history of contact with influenza patients, should first consider influenza virus infection, which can be diagnosed by influenza virus antigen detection or influenza virus nucleic acid detection. (Healthy China)

　　CCTV News:The suspect Saipov was born in Uzbekistan and immigrated to the United States in 2010 when he was 22 years old. Earlier, it was reported that it was hoped to find out whether he was related to terrorist organizations in Uzbekistan, but with more details disclosed, the American media believed that he was brainwashed by extremist organizations in the United States.

　　According to CNN, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo told the media that Saipov was influenced by extreme thoughts after immigrating to the United States. According to local media reports in New Jersey, Omar Mosque in New Jersey, where Saipov often attends worship, has been listed in the investigation catalogue by the new york police. The police believe that this mosque may be related to spreading extreme thoughts.

　　In an interview with Russian TV Today, Paul Valelli, a retired US military officer, said that he believed that Saipov was really influenced by radical thoughts after he came to the United States, but he believed that it was probably a mosque in Tampa, Florida that influenced Saipov.

　　Paul Valelli, a retired US military officer, said, "We know that Tampa has a very active mosque, where new jihadists are recruited, and we should close it as soon as possible.".

　　Colin Rowley, a former member of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, believes that this is mainly caused by the wrong policies of the United States. He believes that the United States has launched wars against Iraq, Syria, Libya and other countries, but in fact some of them have nothing to do with terrorism, on the contrary, they can play a buffer role, and what the United States has done has destroyed all this.

　　Colin Rowley, a former FBI member, said that everything was wrong, and everything was wrong after 9/11. Sixteen years later, we have become a sad country today, facing a permanent war on terrorism. I just want to remind everyone that we can quote George. W。 Bush promised to wipe out terrorists in those countries, so we don’t have to wipe them out in the United States, but this terrorist attack shows a rebound effect, and frankly it is counterproductive.

　　The suspect admitted to being bewitched by extremist organizations.

　　On the 1st local time, the suspect Saipov was charged with terrorism in Manhattan federal court. According to American media reports, it is not common in the United States to charge the perpetrators of vicious attacks with terrorism. According to American law, the crime of supporting terrorist organizations may be sentenced to life imprisonment, and the crime of intentional injury may be sentenced to death. During the police investigation, Saipov claimed that he was bewitched by extremist organizations.

　　CCTV News:On February 17th, the Ministry of Commerce held a regular press conference. At the press conference, Gao Feng, spokesman of the Ministry of Commerce, introduced the relevant progress of joining the Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, namely CPTPP and Digital Economy Partnership Agreement.

　　Gao Feng introduced that up to now, China has signed 19 free trade agreements with 26 countries and regions, with free trade partners covering Asia, Oceania, Latin America, Europe and Africa. The trade volume between China and its free trade partners accounts for about 35% of the total foreign trade.

Nowadays, how crowded the track of 200,000-300,000 pure electric cars is, I believe that we can get a glimpse from the fact that the sales scenery is no longer, and new cars like Krypton 007, Krypton 007 and Krypton 007 are springing up like mushrooms after rain. However, the bigger the waves, the more expensive the fish are, and the market is full of flowers. There are always new cars with labels to break down the market and attack the city and plunder the land. The+just officially released is a good example.

At the press conference of the first show, He Xiaopeng said that Tucki P7+ had thought of naming it "Tucki P8", and "+means home, Tucki P7+ is also the home of Tucki P7". It is not difficult to see that the new car positioning is comfortable family travel, while Tucki P7 insists on sports attributes.

Since comfort and space are very important for cars built for middle-class families, Tucki’s team also understood it this way, so that when He Xiaopeng pulled out 33 20-inch suitcases from the P7+ that was laid down in the back row, some critics criticized it, but Tucki didn’t take the initiative and rolled up storage space?

In my opinion, this is a harmless little teasing, because He Xiaopeng said from the beginning that Tucki P7+ has two important missions. First, let users feel the space and comfort of "luxury executive-class cars". Space is naturally the selling point of Tucki P7+, and it is reasonable to introduce it with pen and ink. Second, let fuel vehicle users experience the pleasure of "high-order intelligent electric shock" as standard, so the label of Tucki P7+ "the world’s first AI car" is playing very loudly, and the intelligent driving cabin can be regarded as Tucki, which will shake the confidence and long board of the home market.

Indeed, Tucki P7+ meets the needs of domestic family cars: for example, Tucki P7+ has a length of more than 5 meters and a wheelbase of 3 meters, which is the standard C-class car positioning; Tucki P7+ used the thinnest 800V battery pack in the industry, and combined with CTB body battery integration technology, the head space of the second row was 973mm, which is rarely seen in the pure electric car market.

Compared with Tucki P7, Tucki P7+ has a full and smooth body side and a borderless door design. However, the tail is made of a slip-back shape, and the design of a suspended roof and a double-layer tail is ingenious. The blackened upper tail is integrated with the car, and the whole tail is a hatchback shape, so the drag coefficient of the whole car is reduced to 0.206Cd, laying the foundation for the minimum power consumption of 11.6kWh per 100 kilometers.

If you like the GT with a slip back, Tucki P7+ does not fall into the conventional shape, which is really worthy of attention. The hatchback is not only concave in shape, but also gains a lot of storage space. The largest 725L trunk in its class has an 83L storage compartment under the trunk cover. The hatchback trunk door has a large opening angle, and the height also supports customization, which is convenient for users to load large luggage.

In terms of comfort and driving entertainment, Tucki P7+ also shows a "family-oriented" side. The interior is covered with a large number of soft materials. The heating, ventilation and massage of the whole seat are standard, and the back row is equipped with the same driver’s desk. The 15.6-inch floating touch screen in the front row has a resolution of 2.5K, and the Qualcomm SA8295P chip. As for the 8-inch entertainment control screen on the rear air outlet, it also supports the requirements of two rows of air conditioners, seats, co-pilot boss key, music and video.

Let’s look at the intelligent cabin intelligent driving. The word "standard" is very frequent. After all, it will bring "electric shock" to fuel car users. He Xiaopeng described it this way: "I can tell you with great confidence that Tucki’s intellectual driving level will have a brand-new leap in P7+, and conservatively, it will double."

Tucki P7+ is equipped with Tucki AI Hawkeye Vision Scheme. Compared with the lidar scheme, the perceived distance is increased by 125% and the recognition speed is increased by 40%. P7+ comes standard with two Orin-X intelligent driving chips, with a single computing power of 508TOPS, which is the AI Hawkeye vision scheme and the first single-pixel Lofic architecture in the industry.

Tucki P7+ will also launch Tianji 5.4.0 system. The upgraded contents include: XNGP supports 0-speed activation and in-situ startup. In addition, this function can be used when P7+ is delivered. This is also the first time in the industry to fully apply the AI-based operating system and fully access the Tucki self-developed X-GPT model. From the perspective of car use, the addition of AI means many OTA iterations of vehicles. One day, it was found that the chassis, sound and driving mode were better than before. There is also a small bright spot. The borderless rearview mirror of P7+ is also ingenious. The AI intelligent driving indicator light is integrated in the base. When the intelligent driving is turned on, the blue-green light is always on. I don’t know if this will be the standard for Tucki models, but Tucki has great confidence in smart driving.

In terms of power, the first show of Tucki P7+ didn’t focus on communication, but it is reported that Tucki P7+ is a single motor version, which will be equipped with different sizes. The battery capacity is 60.7kWh, the pure battery life of CLTC is 602km, and the maximum output power is 180kW；. The CLTC version with a capacity of 76.3kWh has a pure electric cruising range of 710km and a maximum output power of 230kW. The chassis is equipped with a front double wishbone and a rear five-bar independent suspension.

Write at the end:

I thought that He Xiaopeng would announce the pre-sale price on the first show of the new car. After all, it is also good to let Tucki P7+ have a wave of existence while MONA M03 delivered over 10,000 in the first month. As a matter of fact, the Tucki team has a bigger goal. Tucki P7+ is a global model, which will be launched at the Paris Motor Show in a few days, and the pre-sale price will be announced. In late October, the national store will test drive, and it is planned to be launched in November, and it will be delivered as soon as it is launched. He Xiaopeng also "emphasized" that the production capacity of Tucki P7+ will not be a problem. MONA 03 has already increased its production capacity twice in the first month, while Tucki P7+ has also completed trial-production and climbing, and has been mass-produced and stocked in advance.

From the known product configuration, this Tucki P7+ which focuses on intelligence, comfort and space will be positioned no lower than Tucki P7. Although there is no laser radar, it is equipped with the most advanced vision scheme in Tucki, and the power consumption is also very affordable. The family car scene is "both necessary and desirable", and the maximum space, strong bearing capacity and seat comfort are all met one by one.?

There is no doubt that Tucki P7+ is well-prepared to penetrate the home market, but the 200,000-300,000-class track is not just Model 3, but a situation in which a hundred schools of thought contend. Now, the fighting capacity of Tucki P7+ is only the lower limit of the competition qualification, and the upper limit depends on the configuration and price. At the first show conference, He Xiaopeng didn’t say anything about pricing, but he revealed that the P7+ was the first model in Tucki to achieve the goal of reducing the technical cost by 25%, while investors hoped that the gross profit margin of this car would be above 20%.

Combined with the reality that the same level has become a red sea, the sales scale of Tucki P7+ must be improved to achieve the purpose of "reducing costs and increasing efficiency", which almost determines that the new car needs a very competitive price. Will Tucki P7+ be like Mona M03, and will there be any surprises in pricing? I think He Xiaopeng wants an "explosive price" more than potential users.

　　Iron and steel industry is an important basic industry of national economy. Steel products are used in national defense security and people’s production and life, and weapons and equipment, energy production, transportation, machine building, housing construction and so on are inseparable from steel materials. At the same time, the steel industry is also a typical high energy consumption and high emission industry. Doing a good job in energy saving and emission reduction in the steel industry is of great significance for China to achieve the goal of "double carbon". The steel industry has a high degree of industrial correlation and a long supply chain. To promote the green and low-carbon development of the steel industry, efforts must be made from the whole chain of the steel industry chain and supply chain.

　　First, energy conservation and emission reduction in the steel industry chain and supply chain are the highlights of "carbon reduction"

　　(1) Steel production has a large carbon emission and high unit energy consumption.

　　The development stage of China’s economy, the characteristics of resource endowment, the heavy industrial structure and the energy structure dominated by fossil energy make China’s carbon emission base large and grow rapidly. Global Energy Internet Development Cooperation Organization "China2030Peak carbon dioxide emissions Research Report years ago shows that,2019In, China’s total social carbon emissions were about105100 million tons, of which carbon emissions from energy activities are about98Billions of tons, accounting for a proportion87%. In the carbon emission structure in the field of energy activities, the proportion of carbon emissions in the field of energy production and transformation and the field of energy terminal consumption is respectively47%and53%The steel industry is the industry with the largest carbon emission in the field of energy terminal consumption, accounting for the carbon emission in the field of energy activities.17%, much higher than the second and third building materials (8%) and chemical industry (6%) industry.2017China’s steel emissions per ton in.2Tons of carbon dioxide, far higher than the international advanced level.2018In, the comprehensive energy consumption per ton of steel in key large and medium-sized iron and steel enterprises in China reached.555Kilogram standard coal/Tons, much higher than Germany.251Kilogram standard coal/Tons, USA276Kilogram standard coal/Tons. It can be seen that the carbon emissions from steel production account for the largest proportion in the field of energy consumption, while the unit energy consumption is high, which is far from the international advanced level.

　　(B) steel logistics, transport links, carbon emissions.

　　At present, China has built the most complete steel industry system in the global industrial chain, effectively supporting the steel demand of downstream industries and the steady and rapid development of the national economy, and the steel output is continuous.25Ranked first in the world in, resulting in a huge amount of logistics. The main reason for the large carbon emission of logistics in China’s steel industry is that it is influenced by resource endowment. In the transportation of raw materials, due to the shortage of domestic natural mineral resources, especially high-grade mineral resources, steel raw materials rely on imports, resulting in long-distance transportation. Second, it is influenced by the layout of the steel industry. Domestic raw materials are mainly transported from the north to the south, which makes the transportation distance of raw materials involving iron ore, coking coal and other bulk materials longer. In the transportation of finished products, due to the large number, high dispersion and wide distribution of iron and steel enterprises in China, the layout of production areas is far from the consumer market, which makes the finished products need large-scale and long-distance transportation. The long-term demand in the southeast coastal areas, especially in the Pearl River Delta region, is large, and the production capacity in the Bohai Rim region needs to flow to the south. Third, it is influenced by production technology. China’s iron and steel production is mainly based on long-flow technology, and the transshipment in the factory is complicated. Generally speaking, the annual output of crude steel is up to.10100 million tons, the corresponding flow is about100100 million tons, of which four are transported outside the factory and six are transported inside the factory. Fourth, it is influenced by the mode of steel transportation. Transportation is the second largest field of energy consumption and carbon emission in China. Among them, the energy consumption of highways is the largest, and the energy consumption accounts for the total amount in the transportation field.83%Waterway is the second, and railway is the cleanest and low-carbon mode of transportation, and its energy consumption accounts for the total amount of transportation.3%. Road transportation is widely used in China’s steel logistics, which inevitably produces a lot of carbon emissions. Therefore, the iron and steel industry is influenced by many factors, such as resource endowment, production layout, technology and transportation mode, with high output, large logistics volume and huge carbon emissions.

　　Second, the steel industry must take effective measures to reduce carbon emissions.

　　(A) the establishment of carbon emission accounting system, to guide the industry carbon emission reduction.

　　Carbon trading is a transaction that takes carbon dioxide emission rights as a commodity, thus forming carbon dioxide emission rights.2011In, the pilot project of carbon emissions trading in China started.2013The first carbon emission trading platform started trading in Shenzhen in 2006. Since then, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangdong, Hubei, Chongqing and other provinces and cities have successively launched pilot carbon emission trading. this yearsevenmoon16The national carbon emissions trading market opened on June. Because the power generation industry is in the field of energy production and conversion with the largest carbon emission in the whole society, it is first included in the national carbon emission trading market.

　　In order to achieve the goal of "double carbon", the steel industry, as the industry with the largest carbon emission in the field of energy terminal consumption, is the key area of carbon control management, and will be included in the national carbon emission trading market in the future, so as to promote the transformation of steel production enterprises to clean production and reduce carbon emissions. Therefore, it is urgent for iron and steel enterprises to develop carbon emission accounting standard system, carbon control organization system and personnel training, so as to establish carbon emission accounting system in iron and steel industry and lay the foundation for carbon quota allocation and carbon emission trading system implementation.

　　(B) the implementation of steel production process transformation, reduce carbon emissions in production.

　　The 14th Five-Year Plan proposes to promote the clean and efficient utilization of fossil energy such as coal, and promote the green transformation of steel, petrochemical, building materials and other industries. Global Energy Internet Development Cooperation Organization "China2030Years ago, the peak carbon dioxide emissions Research Report put forward that to realize peak carbon dioxide emissions, it is necessary to "change the energy production mode with clean substitution and change the energy use mode with electric energy substitution".

　　The technological transformation of green steel production includes electric furnace steelmaking and hydrogen energy steelmaking. Electric furnace steelmaking is the main way to promote the substitution of electric energy, with scrap steel as the main raw material and electricity as the main energy source. This method has low energy consumption, low emissions and obvious advantages in energy saving and emission reduction. At present, the proportion of electric furnace steelmaking in China is only9%The proportion of electric furnace steelmaking in the United States and the European Union reached respectively.62%、40%. At present, the development conditions of electric furnace steelmaking are mature, energy saving and environmental protection. China should adopt lower carbon electric furnace steelmaking to reduce carbon emissions in steel production. Hydrogen energy steelmaking is beneficial for hydrogen to replace carbon monoxide as reducing agent, and there is no carbon dioxide emission in the reduction process, which can realize complete decarbonization of steel production and is the future development direction.

　　(C) steel logistics to green transformation, reducing carbon emissions in the steel supply chain

　　Iron and steel logistics should achieve green development by changing the mode of transportation, developing multimodal transport and developing smart transportation. The first is to change the mode of transportation. On the one hand, it is to promote "replacing oil with electricity" and promote enterprises to use new energy vehicles for road transportation. At present, China’s new energy vehicle industry is leading the world, new technologies are constantly emerging, the cost of lithium batteries is declining, and hydrogen energy technology is gradually mature and applied, which has the advantage of developing new energy vehicles; On the other hand, we should change from road transportation to cleaner railway transportation, reduce the proportion of road transportation, increase the proportion of railway transportation, speed up the construction of freight railway, solve the "last mile" problem and attract enterprises to choose railway transportation. In the 14th Five-Year Plan, it is proposed to speed up the transportation of bulk goods and medium and long-distance goods by "revolving iron" and "revolving water". Secondly, develop multimodal transport, strengthen infrastructure construction, multimodal transport station construction, logistics park construction and so on. Finally, it is necessary to develop intelligent transportation. First, it is necessary to develop autonomous driving technology. According to the research of the Ministry of Transport, self-driving cars can save fuel more than human driving.12%It is more energy-saving and environmentally friendly. At present, China’s autonomous driving technology is developing rapidly, and the conditions for popularization and application are basically available; The second is to build an information platform to promote the development of shared transportation mode and improve the pendulum of logistics, and realize real-time data exchange and information sharing through the information platform to improve logistics efficiency.

　　Third, the implementation of carbon emission reduction measures in the steel industry has a huge impact on costs.

　　(A) The steel industry carbon emissions accounting system needs to increase investment.According to the requirements of the Tenth Five-Year Plan, it is necessary to promote the market-oriented trading of carbon emission rights. The investment in carbon market construction is not only the investment in carbon emission system construction, but also the investment in various supporting measures within enterprises. The construction of carbon emission accounting system in iron and steel industry needs a lot of people, money and materials.

　　(2) The carbon emission cost of steel production is on the rise.Judging from the spot trading market of carbon emission quotas in the past few years, the overall trend of most trading markets is that the total transaction amount is on the rise and the average transaction price is on the rise. This shows that the transaction cost of carbon emissions of substandard enterprises will gradually increase. According to the transaction data published by Guangzhou Carbon Emissions Exchange,2015Annual turnover11399.2Ten thousand yuan is far below2020Annual turnover83454.15Ten thousand yuan, the average transaction price2020Annual25.58Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368)/Tons higher than2015Annual16.38Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368)/Tons.Judging from the national carbon market transaction data released by Shanghai Stock Exchange, the first month of market opening (sevenmoon16Solsticesevenmoon30Date) Monthly turnover of listed agreement transactions505.2Ten thousand tons,Highest transaction price61.07Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368)/Average transaction price per ton and month51.86Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368)/Tons, much higher than the transaction price at the time of the pilot.In addition, EU carbon emission quota trading data shows that,2018The annual average closing price is17.45euro/Tons,2019The annual average closing price is24.91euro/Tons.As can be seen from the carbon emissions trading between China and the EUThe transaction price keeps rising, and the carbon emission cost of substandard enterprises keeps increasing.

　　(C) Road transportation of steel logistics needs to pay a price for carbon emissions."Double Integral" in Automobile IndustryThe policy (namely "Measures for Parallel Management of Average Fuel Consumption of Passenger Car Enterprises and New Energy Vehicle Points") stipulates that the average fuel consumption of passenger car enterprises will generate positive points when it is lower than the standard value, and negative points when it is higher than the standard value. The integral trading market is a free trading market, and the price at the highest point of each integral can reach.3000Yuan. Changan automobile2020The annual expenses for solving the problem of substandard points are as high as.7.4100 million yuan. Weilai automobile is at2019Obtained in 200810Ten thousand points in2020Sold and brought in the second half of 20081.2Net income of 100 million yuan.

　　(D) Steel production needs to pay more for technological transformation.The technological transformation of green steel production includes electric furnace steelmaking and hydrogen energy steelmaking. In the short term, technological research and development and technological transformation need constant cost investment. In the long run, it will reduce carbon emissions and reduce carbon emission costs.

　　(E) The green development of steel logistics needs a lot of capital investment.It is necessary to realize green logistics by changing the mode of transportation, developing multimodal transport and developing smart transportation, and the transformation of related modes of transportation, infrastructure construction and logistics informatization construction all require a lot of capital investment. In the short term, it will bring a large increase in costs, but in the long term, it will bring about a reduction in carbon emissions and an improvement in logistics efficiency in the steel supply chain, thus reducing the logistics costs of the steel industry. In order to achieve the goal of "double carbon", the steel industry should actively explore the countermeasures to reduce costs and increase efficiency. Incorporate the cost of green development resources and environment into the cost accounting system. To achieve green management, reduce energy intensity and reduce carbon emissions, it needs to pay a lot of resources and environmental costs. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the resources and environmental costs into the overall cost of the steel supply chain and abandon the previous cost accounting methods that only account for manufacturing and logistics costs. Based on a comprehensive understanding of the overall cost of the iron and steel industry chain and supply chain, this paper systematically analyzes the influence of various factors on its cost with detailed cost data, and puts forward the countermeasures to realize the green development of the iron and steel industry to reduce costs and increase efficiency. At the same time, we should actively study measures such as changing industrial layout to improve industrial concentration, optimizing product structure to improve added value of products, changing traditional management concepts, adopting short-distance multimodal transport, improving production and transportation efficiency by means of informationization and digitalization, and improving the recycling of solid gas waste gas from steel production, so as to reduce the cost of steel industry chain and supply chain and promote the healthy and sustainable development of steel industry.

　　(Author: Zhao Hong, Chen Jingyi,　Price cost survey center)

Since January 1st, 2019, when the weight is 4.5 tons or less, the double certificates have been cancelled, so that the card users have less difficulties in obtaining certificates, and the personal agency and industry affiliation have also lost their capital. The burden on the road has been reduced, and the reform in streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services has won unanimous praise.

Recently, the General Office of the Ministry of Transport issued the Notice on Further Improving the Work Related to the "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" Reform of General Freight Vehicles with a Gross Mass of 4,500 kg or Less, which deepened streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services from five aspects: changing the management mode of light truck transportation, strengthening the supervision of light truck transportation in key areas, strictly implementing the safety management system of LTL transportation, guiding and improving the service efficiency of light truck transportation, and doing a good job in monitoring and analyzing the operation of urban and rural logistics distribution market.

If the cancellation of dual certificates is to reduce the threshold of employment and reduce the cost burden of card friends, then this time it is to exert its strength in management and service.

A small light truck with a large tonnage burst out in the light truck market, with a high incidence of safety accidents and worrying prospects. Since the re-inspection of light trucks, there has been a wave of returning cars, and the voice of increasing tons has been constantly rising. However, the General Office of the Ministry of Transport has chosen to make efforts in management and service at this time. What is the intention behind it?

The Notice issued by the General Office of the Ministry of Transport on Further Improving the Work Related to the streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services Reform of General Freight Vehicles with a Gross Mass of 4,500 kg or less does not focus on the simple administration and decentralization of the industry, but this time focuses on supervision and service, in which strict supervision is still the norm in the industry. This time, specific supervision norms and service efficiency are put forward for the whole chain participants such as supervision departments, operating entities, cargo types, transport vehicles and online freight enterprises.

The regulatory authorities changed the management mode of light trucks, combined with streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services, innovated the transportation organization mode, and promoted the equipment upgrade of light trucks. Operate enterprises, implement the main responsibility of safety production, and strengthen vehicle technical management and personnel safety education and training.

Refine the transport scenarios according to the types of goods, strengthen supervision, strictly regulate the access management of cold chain logistics transport and dangerous goods transport, and strictly implement the relevant systems such as spot check in the acceptance process of LTL goods, shipper’s real-name registration system, consigned goods registration and information retention for LTL goods transport, so as to prevent prohibited goods from being carried in the goods. Once it is found that it has not been implemented according to law.

Operating trucks covers the whole chain from industry access management to post-event supervision. On the one hand, the access management of enterprises that use light trucks to engage in refrigerated and fresh-keeping transportation and dangerous goods transportation. On the other hand, strengthen supervision after the event for transport enterprises and light trucks.

For stubborn diseases such as operating light trucks with large tons and small labels, illegally carrying people, and overloading and exceeding the limit, we should strengthen law enforcement and realize normalization and standardization of law enforcement at the same time.

For the network freight platform, there is nothing more than two requirements. On the one hand, it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring and analysis of the urban and rural logistics distribution market and guide the urban and rural logistics distribution operators to make scientific decisions. On the other hand, it is necessary to strengthen the management of the actual carriers who use light trucks to operate, and make full use of credit evaluation, incentives, rewards and punishments, etc. to urge them to standardize transportation behavior.

In terms of services, it is mainly to promote the convenience of using new energy vehicles and their right of way for newly-added logistics and distribution light vehicles. At the same time, it is necessary to guide light truck distribution enterprises to speed up the development of advanced transportation organization modes such as common distribution, centralized distribution and unified distribution, and promote container units such as lifting tailboards and pallets for vehicles to improve transportation and loading efficiency.

Encourage network platform road freight transport enterprises to integrate logistics resources by means of "internet plus" information technology, continuously improve the efficiency of urban freight distribution, and promote the reduction of terminal distribution costs.

After the cancellation of double certificates for trucks of 4.5 tons and below, the management reform of streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services for trucks of 4.5 tons and below was refined from five aspects. The urban distribution market will usher in new development, new energy light trucks will become the seed players in the urban distribution market, and advanced transportation organization modes such as joint distribution, centralized distribution and unified distribution will be ushered in.

Loading and unloading tailboards and pallets to improve freight efficiency will be widely used. Large-ton and small-scale, overloading and overrun are still the focus of strict road inspection. It is inevitable to refine the transportation market and supervise the whole chain, and strict management of the industry is still the norm.

Among ordinary trucks with a capacity of 4.5 tons or less, the market share of Guanglan brand light trucks is as high as 5.57 million, which is related to the whole urban distribution market.

Blue brand light truck is the main force in the urban distribution market, and it is also the hardest hit area with large tons and small standards. After the major traffic accident in Songyuan on October 4, the light truck market ushered in the butterfly effect, and the illegal manufacturers were interviewed to strictly investigate the overweight and illegal licensing, the recall of empty cars, the deduction of fines on the road, and the suspension of the nest. This year, the blue brand light truck was seriously damaged.

Once the new energy light truck will become the main force in the urban distribution market, the yellow card and blue card will give way to the green card, and the market position of the blue light truck will surely plummet.

At present, the voice of increasing the tonnage of blue brand light trucks is high. Increasing the tonnage solves the stubborn problem of overloading empty cars of blue brand light trucks, but what may be behind it may endanger the freight order and even lead to safety risks, which can not completely cure the hidden dangers of the industry. At present, even if the voice of card friends is high, various channels are voiced, and under the weather vane of strict management, the difficulty of increasing tons is still not great.

At this time, the general office of the Ministry of Transport chose to make efforts in management and service, perhaps because it thought that making efforts in management and service would be the key weapon to scientifically and properly guide the light truck market. Moreover, the purpose of streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services is to reduce the burden and create a convenient development environment, improve the efficiency of the urban distribution market and reduce transportation costs, and promote the development of the industry scientifically and properly. The risks brought by the increase in tons run counter to the purpose of streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services.

For a long time, light trucks have been a link between the preceding and the following in the urban distribution market. They are the main force in the urban distribution market and the hardest hit areas with large tons and small standards. The light truck industry is in turmoil, and the urban distribution market will certainly be affected. At present, the contradiction between big tons and small standards is prominent, involving a wide range of card friends and affecting all aspects of production, sales, registration, supervision and transportation.

Freight cars with a capacity of 4.5 tons or less are the focus of streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services’s reform and the key to improving the efficiency of the urban distribution market. However, under the weather vane of strict management, it is still very difficult to increase the tonnage. Whether the management and service efforts are the crux of ensuring freight safety for a long time and promoting cost reduction and efficiency improvement in the light truck market also requires market verification and time test!

At present, the survival of card friends is very important. For each card friend, it is necessary to survive first, and then we can talk about safety and service. How to make the card friends transition scientifically and steadily is more critical and important! (Text/Ka Jia Hao: Lin Jin)

The original Li Qingchao returned to the park and was included in the topic # Virus Supertalk 5.

Herpes virus is one of the most widely distributed viruses in human beings, and it can not be eliminated by human body, which will harass you for life and even give you a fatal blow. What’s more, herpes virus is hard to prevent, so we have to be prepared for the onset, and some preparations are particularly important.

Have a sexual partner? Have pets? Have a baby? Are you pregnant? Old? Have other immune diseases? (Nothing is contagious …) Please read aloud and recite the full text with emotion to find out.

Author | Li Qingchao (Shandong Normal University)

People generally refer to small things, problems and troubles as "little kiss case", and our people also have a saying called "little bubble". Small blisters refer to blisters or pustules on the skin or mucosa, which can be caused by burns or infections. In this issue, we introduce a kind of "blister-loving" virus: herpesviruses.

The word "herpes" comes from the Greek word "herpein", which describes the feeling that insects crawl slowly on the skin and is extended to "spread". Common lip blistering is often a herpes attack, and chickenpox, which is itchy and painful and can’t be scratched, is also a ghost of herpes virus. Of course, you may have heard of these. However, the distribution of herpes virus is much wider and more kinds than you think, and the possible consequences of ordinary "small bubbles" are much more serious than you think. Dr. House once diagnosed a case of encephalitis caused by herpes simplex virus.

Figure 1. Although this line is not o(╯□╰)o 丨 from House, S02E19.

On the occasion of a beautiful holiday, we mainly pay attention to those little bubbles in sexual life, as well as those that will exist without sexual life, and then get to know their brothers and sisters.

Herpes virus: the virus in you.

Herpes virus is a large class of enveloped viruses with double-stranded linear DNA genome (Figure 1), which can be divided into three subfamilies: α, β or γ, and 107 species have been confirmed (data of ICTV in 2019). There are 8 kinds of Human herpesvirus (HHV) that can infect people (HHV1~8), among which HHV1~5 is the most common herpes virus in people, and more than 90% of adults are infected with at least one kind. They mainly cause spreading vesicular lesions on skin or mucosa (HHV1~3), and also cause symptoms such as mononucleosis, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and retinopathy (HHV4~5).

Figure 2: Typical Structure of Herpes Virus: Ekaterina E. Heldwein, Science, 2018

Herpes virus infection is characterized by ① high infection rate, ② latent infection, ③ lifelong infection, incurable, ④ repeated activation, ⑤ inconspicuous infection symptoms and ⑤ opportunistic infection.

The so-called latent infection means that the virus exists in a hidden form or dormant state in the human body, and it hardly replicates and does not cause infection symptoms.

Latent infection is the reason why herpes virus cannot be cured. Herpes virus, a habit of "I’ll go in, I won’t move around", makes it difficult for the immune system to detect it, does not trigger an immune response, and cannot be eliminated by the immune system. In this way, the herpes virus can stay in the human body for a long time. So far, there is no antiviral drug or vaccine that can completely eliminate herpes virus in infected people.

Of course, herpes virus is not always in a latent state. When other pathogens are infected, or suffer from strong sunlight stimulation (such as sunburn), and the immunity is low, herpes virus can remove the latent infection state and enter the active replication period, causing diseases such as herpes. Moreover, this activation process can occur repeatedly in infected people, leading to repeated illness of virus carriers. Some opportunistic herpes viruses themselves can further weaken human immunity and lead to more serious diseases.

"Life lies in stillness". Herpes virus successfully infects and exists in billions of people with a "low-key" survival philosophy, waiting for an opportunity. When the beautiful holiday is coming, let’s pay attention to those little bubbles in sexual life first.

Herpes simplex virus type Ⅱ

Herpes Simplex Virus 2（HSV-2）

Herpes grows on the genitals and is called genital herpes. It is a common sexually transmitted infection (), and the main pathogen is herpes simplex virus II (HSV-2/HHV-2). It is estimated that about 846 million people (12% of the world’s population) suffer from genital herpes (The Lancet data in 2016).

After HSV-2 infection, most people have no symptoms or mild symptoms, so they don’t know that they have been infected at all. Generally, it occurs 4 days after contact with the source of infection, and the symptoms can last for 4 weeks. Small, single or patches of blisters will appear in the external genitalia and around the genitals, anus and perianal region, and painful ulcers and herpes sores will be formed after the blisters burst.

During the onset, it may be accompanied by symptoms such as fever, pain or swollen inguinal lymph nodes. In rare cases, there will be symptoms such as painful urination, dysuria, cervicitis and proctitis.

After the first attack, about 80% people will relapse, with an average recurrence of 4 to 6 times a year. The first attack is often the most serious, and it usually takes 2~3 weeks to fully recover. Recurrence is usually mild and can be recovered within a few days.

Genital herpes mainly goes through the following stages:

There is a tingling or itching sensation in the affected area, which usually occurs within 12 to 24 hours after the onset of the disease.

A single or sheet-like liquid-filled blister is generated.

Blisters burst and become herpes sores or ulcers.

The sore surface or ulcer indicates that the scab is dry and finally healed.

Figure 3: HSV-2 and genital herpes, herpes genital tips

HSV-2 is transmitted through kissing and skin contact, and can also be transmitted from person to person through vaginal, oral or anal sexual intercourse. In a word, if your skin or genitals come into contact with the secretions of infected people, you may be infected. Therefore, the risk of sexual transmission of HSV-2 is one in a thousand, and the risk of transmission between husband and wife is about 7.5% every year. Using condoms can reduce the risk of HSV-2 infection by half.

There is no vaccine for HSV-2 at present. It can be prevented according to the preventive measures of sexually transmitted diseases, but as mentioned above, condoms can only partially reduce the risk. If herpes is found in vulva, anus and surrounding areas, you should go out for an excuse and evacuate the scene to avoid sexual contact. Because visible skin or mucosal blisters and ulcers can produce a large number of viruses.

However, even if the infected person has no symptoms and no skin sores, his mucosa can release the virus (reproductive tract secretions are poisonous), and there is still a risk of transmission.

TIP！

Herpes cannot spread through the surface of toilet seats and other objects, because the survival ability of herpes virus after leaving the human body is very poor.

Mothers infected with HSV-2 can transmit it to their newborns through vertical transmission. During childbirth, the virus can infect the skin, mouth, lungs or eyes of newborns. If the virus spreads in the uterus, it may even lead to serious infection of the brain and other important organs of the fetus. However, if the mother has no symptoms or blisters during childbirth, the risk of infection transmission is extremely small.

If the mother is infected with HSV-2 in the late pregnancy, the risk of vertical transmission is greater. Therefore, it is suggested that women with genital herpes should take antiviral drugs in the last few weeks of pregnancy before delivery, and pregnant women with obvious ulcers during delivery should be encouraged to have caesarean section to prevent HSV-2 from being transmitted to newborns. If the newborn is infected with herpes, it needs to be treated by intravenous antiviral drugs.

When people with genital herpes are naturally exposed to HIV, the risk of HIV infection is estimated to increase by two to four times. This is because the ulcer caused by herpes infection or the damage of skin and mucosa (oral cavity, vagina and rectal intima) may damage the protective effect of skin and mucosa. HSV infection can also increase the number of CD4 cells in genital mucosa, and HIV can invade these cells.

Similarly, if HIV-infected people suffer from genital herpes at the same time, they are more likely to spread HIV to others. In people who are co-infected with HIV and HSV, the replication, activation and release of HIV in genital herpes infection sites will increase the risk of HIV transmission to sexual partners.

HSV-2 cannot be cleared. When genital herpes occurs, oral antiviral drugs can be used for treatment, including valaciclovir, famciclovir and acyclovir. Severe patients should be given acyclovir intravenously. Although these antiviral drugs can not eliminate herpes virus infection, they can reduce the severity of symptoms and shorten the duration of symptoms. The first attack or recurrence should be treated as soon as possible. Taking antiviral drugs every day can reduce the frequency and severity of recurrence and reduce the risk of transmitting the virus to sexual partners.

TIP！

Pre-pregnancy examination can choose to detect herpes simplex virus.

Herpes simplex virus type I

Herpes Simplex Virus 1（HSV-1）

Now, let’s take our eyes back from our crotch and look at our lips in the mirror. Is there a "fire knot"? When winter comes, many people will grow some small blisters or sores around their lips, which is a typical symptom caused by herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1/HHV-1): Herpes labialis (Figure 4), commonly known as getting angry.

Figure 4: Cold sores, eye herpes, herpetic keratitis, facial herpes, gingival herpes and finger herpes caused by HSV-1 infection | Source: wikipedia.

According to the latest research, it is estimated that there are billions of people suffering from cold sores in the world, among whom 67% are infected with HSV-1, which is equivalent to 3.7 billion people.

I don’t need to tell you the symptoms of cold sores infected by HSV-1, as you know: burning pain, small blisters, and sore surface damage. Cold sores usually heal in about two weeks, but they will recur. Let’s see what the virus did during the onset:

Figure 5: Onset stage of cold sores (click to enlarge) Alex Semprini1 et al., BMJ, 2019.

From the prodromal stage to the blister stage (day 0~3), the virus did not cause an open sore surface. At this stage, antiviral ointment can be used to suppress the deterioration of the disease. You can consider using ointment containing antiviral components such as valaciclovir and acyclovir and hydrocortisone.

From the blistering stage to the healing stage (day 2-14), an open sore surface has been caused, and the liquid on the sore surface contains a lot of viruses. At this stage, you should avoid picking by hand to prevent the disease from getting worse or secondary bacterial infection, and don’t scratch other parts of the body after picking herpes.

During the onset of cold sores, you should avoid eating spicy, greasy or heavy-tasting food, and don’t eat citrus fruits to avoid irritating the wound.

In fact, "cold sore" is a symptom name, and HSV-1 can also occur in other parts-in the eyes, it is called peripheral herpes (even herpetic keratitis), in the face, it is called facial herpes, in the hands, it is called herpes gingivitis in the gums (the first infection is easy to occur), and it can be herpetic angina in the throat …

HSV-1 can also cause genital herpes, but that is not a typical symptom of HSV-1.

In most cases, HSV-1 is asymptomatic after infection, but lurks in the trigeminal ganglion-just above the auricle (Figure 6). Psychological stress, menstruation, sunburn, fever, dehydration or local skin trauma may reactivate HSV-1. Dental or neurosurgical operations, lip tattoos or dermabrasion are also common causes.

The activated virus can spread again, then actively migrate to the primary infection site (usually lips or eyes) and replicate, causing cold sores or herpetic keratitis. Virus particles produced after activation can also reach the brain, causing a rare but serious diffuse acute brain infection, namely herpes simplex encephalitis (Figure 6).

Fig. 6: Latency and activation of HSV-1. Note that the trigeminal ganglion is just above the auricle. (Click to enlarge) | Source: Trends in Microbiology

HSV-1 is mainly transmitted through oral mucosa or damaged skin contact with body fluids containing virus. Therefore, we should not share things that come into contact with the oral cavity, such as toothbrushes and water cups, and avoid close contact with others (avoid kissing, oral sex or excessive physical collision).

If you have cold sores, we should avoid touching the sore surface and wash our hands frequently during the onset. Because cold sores can spread to other parts of the body through fingers, such as eyes, skin or fingers, this process is called "self-inoculation". Finger infection may occur when children with cold sores or primary HSV-1 infection suck their fingers. Therefore, even if you have been infected with herpes virus, you should avoid spreading herpes to other parts of your body.

HSV-1 causes this kind of "small blister", and there are many infected people, but the symptoms are not serious. At present, there is no treatment or vaccine for this virus.

Attention! !

"caring for each other" can describe the deep affection between husband and wife, and "caring for grandchildren" is the joy of grandparents and grandchildren. I don’t care about the affairs of adults, and I can’t manage them. When it comes to infants, I still have to emphasize two words: I must avoid contact with strangers, let alone kiss (Figure 7). Resolutely put an end to the bad habit of chewing food and feeding babies! Ouch! Not even parents, not at all!

Figure 7: Poor baby reminds you: Don’t kiss blindly | Source: theAsianparent.com

Chickenpox-herpes zoster virus

Varicella-Zoster Virus（VZV）

Next, let’s look back on the past and learn about varicella-zoster virus (VZV/HHV-3) from the long river of time. VZV is also our old friend, and it can even be said that it has not been seen for many years. When I was a child, I met it, and it was called chickenpox. When I saw it when I grew up, it drifted away. It was called "waist-bound dragon", "snake’s disk sore", "spider’s sore" and "snake Dan" … In fact, its original name was herpes zoster.

Children, teenagers and young people are infected with VZV, which causes chickenpox, while adults infected with VZV often cause herpes zoster. VZV has a wide range of influences. In 2013, there were 140 million cases of varicella and herpes zoster worldwide (reported by The Lancet in 2015), which caused thousands of deaths every year.

The first time we fell in love with this virus was in the respiratory tract.

Primary VZV infection begins with epithelial cells of upper respiratory mucosa, and then spreads to tonsils and other local lymphoid tissues. Infected T cells can spread the virus to the skin through blood transportation from these lymphoid tissues, causing herpes zoster distributed all over the body.

During the primary infection, the virus is transported reversely from the infected skin along the nerve axon, or the virus is brought into the sensory neuron cells of the ganglion through T cells, and a latent infection is established in the dorsal root ganglion. After virus replication is reactivated, VZV can re-enter skin cells via anterograde axon transport, causing herpes zoster (Figure 8).

The skin lesions and leachate of chickenpox and herpes zoster contain high concentrations of infectious viruses, so they are easily transmitted to susceptible people.

Figure 8. VZV infection process and symptoms (click to enlarge) | Source: Cleveland Clinic

Chickenpox in children usually begins to appear 10 to 21 days after being infected with the virus. Early symptoms include nausea, loss of appetite, muscle aches and headaches, and then chicken pox on the chest, back and face until it spreads all over the body (Figure 8). Other symptoms include fever and fatigue, and may also cause symptoms such as pneumonia, encephalitis and bacterial dermatosis, which last for about a week.

The symptoms of chickenpox infection in teenagers are more serious than those in children. The consequences of infection in pregnant women are more serious. The virus may spread through the placenta and infect the fetus, resulting in fetal malformation, congenital varicella syndrome or premature delivery.

If the child has chickenpox, the following methods can be used for care:

Use a cool and clean wet towel or bathe in warm water to relieve skin itching and discomfort.

Dry your body by patting it with a dry towel, and don’t rub it to prevent the chickenpox from bursting.

Use calamine lotion (avoid face) and analgesic cream when necessary.

Trim nails and keep them clean, and put gloves on your child before going to bed to avoid scratches.

If you have chicken pox in your mouth, you need to eat cool, soft and light food, and avoid eating sour, salty, hot and spicy food.

If the condition is serious, you need to seek medical advice in time.

When you are old, immunosuppressed or immunocompromised, VZV lurking in the body is easy to activate and then come out as a demon-this is Shingles.

When herpes zoster comes on, it will produce a wide herpes band on the face or one side of the body, which is full of blisters and rashes, stinging or painful, and some people will have fever, pain and feel tired. The rash usually heals within 2-4 weeks.

Some people will have nerve pain symptoms similar to electric shock or burn for months or years after the recovery of herpes zoster. This situation is called "postherpetic neuralgia", which is nerve damage caused by VZV, and it is easy to occur in people with low immunity such as the elderly. It is estimated that there is a 1/3 chance of suffering from herpes zoster in a person’s life, which is more common in the old age (the annual incidence rate of people over 65 is about 1%) and generally does not recur.

The onset of herpes zoster will produce a red band-shaped herpes on one side of the body, and it is often accompanied by severe pain. It is rumored in Jianghu that "if this dragon/snake wraps around its waist, people will die", but fortunately, my waist is thick.

. Obviously, this is nonsense. I assure you that herpes zoster rarely grows in a full circle, because VZV lurks in the dorsal root ganglion, and the herpes after activation is limited to the corresponding skin segment. The so-called skin section refers to the skin area dominated by various spinal nerves, which is distributed up and down in the human trunk and separated from the left and right (Figure 9). However, VZV does have a certain lethality, causing about 6,000 deaths every year (The Lancet reported in 2016).

Fig. 9: Distribution of skin segments of human upper body. Herpes zoster only occurs in the corresponding skin segments in the latent area | Source: wikipedia.

Different from herpes simplex virus HSV, VZV is an air-borne disease with strong transmission ability. An infected person can spread to another person with a sneeze/cough. Chickenpox or herpes zoster can also spread through contact with the skin surface with herpes from 1-2 days before it appears until herpes scabs.

At present, there are vaccines against VZV, and some areas in China have been included in the immunization program. . Injection of VZV vaccine will reduce the incidence of chickenpox and herpes zoster, and more importantly, even if you have chickenpox or herpes zoster, the vaccine can greatly reduce the proportion of moderate and severe patients.

VZV vaccine is not suitable for pregnant women, tuberculosis patients, people with low immunity and immunosuppression, and allergens should be tested before vaccination. It should be noted that once a family member has been vaccinated with VZV, personally, it is suggested that all close family members should be vaccinated together. The low VZV vaccination rate may increase the risk of herpes zoster among unvaccinated people. Because the VZV vaccine currently used is an attenuated live vaccine.

After getting chickenpox or herpes zoster, you need to take care of your skin carefully to prevent secondary infection. In severe cases, you can use analgesics, antiviral drugs and steroids. Be careful not to take aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) when you are suffering from chickenpox or herpes zoster, and when you are vaccinated with VZV, because aspirin will increase the risk of Reye’s syndrome caused by VZV-Reye’s syndrome is a rapidly deteriorating brain disease with brain dysfunction such as persistent vomiting, extreme sleepiness or aggressive behavior.

Other herpes viruses

Finally, let’s take a look at several other common people infected with herpes virus. Their common feature is still: if you are infected, you will never want to get rid of it. When your immunity is weak, you must make waves.

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV/HHV-4) is one of the most commonly infected viruses. Its spread is somewhat similar to HSV-1. It is generally spread through saliva, and it has the nickname of "the kissing disease". It can also be spread by sharing food, drinks and dental utensils. Of course, EBV also exists in other body fluids. Infection often occurs in infants and young children. Half of the children under the age of six have been infected with EBV, and more than 90% of the people in adulthood have been infected with EBV.

EBV generally infects B cells and epithelial cells, and can lurk in B cells for life. Under the conditions of overwork, nutritional deficiency, excessive sadness, hormone fluctuation (puberty, pregnancy, menopause) and childbirth, EBV can be activated, thus causing diseases.

Children infected with EBV often have no symptoms. When adolescents or adults are infected with EBV, there is a 35% to 50% chance of causing infectious mononucleosis, resulting in fatigue, fever, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, rash and other symptoms. EBV infection is related to malignant tumors such as lymphoma, gastric cancer and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. At present, there is no good means of prevention and treatment. The central idea is to keep yourself healthy, in good health and strong immunity, so these viruses will not be evil.

Human Cytomegalo Virus (HCMV/HHV-5) is a type β herpes virus, which mainly infects salivary glands, but also infects other parts of the body. Infectious HCMV may exist in any body fluid of the infected person, and it can be transmitted vertically through contact with the infected body fluid. There is a 90% probability of being infected with HCMV in a person’s life. After infection, HCMV lurks in the human body and can be reactivated at any time. HCMV infection is usually rare and almost undetectable in healthy people, but it may be life-threatening for people with low immune function:

Newborns: Vertical transmission of HCMV is one of the common causes of neonatal abnormalities. If the mother is infected with HCMV for the first time during pregnancy, the newborn may have symptoms such as light weight, microcephaly and epilepsy. Even if there are no symptoms, there may be problems in hearing, mental and motor coordination in the future. Newborn parents and babysitters should maintain their own hygiene habits and minimize the risk of transmitting the virus to newborns.

Adults with low immunity, such as HIV-infected people, severely burned people or organ transplant recipients, may get sick because of the reactivation of HCMV, and have symptoms such as retinitis, pneumonia and colitis. Antiviral drugs can be used for prevention and treatment.

Adults with normal immunity are rarely affected by HCMV, but the virus can also cause mononucleosis and increase the risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer.

Roseolovirus, including HHV-6 and HHV-7, can cause infant roseola, also known as infantile rash (known to old mothers), which is a very common mild infection. Generally, it doesn’t need treatment, and its symptoms are fever and rash, which lasts for about four days. If necessary, use antipyretics. If symptoms such as lethargy, persistent high fever and convulsions appear, you should seek medical attention in time.

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) can be transmitted through saliva or sexual behavior, and the infection rate varies greatly from region to region, with about 10% of the population infected in China. KSHV infection is generally asymptomatic, but it causes Kaposi’s sarcoma, a local skin tumor, on the skin of AIDS patients.

Other animal herpesvirus that may infect people: Generally, human beings are rarely infected with herpesvirus carried by animals, but for high-risk specific groups such as animal breeders, laboratory animals, users and veterinarians, attention should be paid to preventing animal herpesvirus infection. Monkey B virus is a herpes virus carried by monkeys. Monkeys have no symptoms, but it is fatal to people. Don’t mess with monkeys. Pseudorabies virus is a common animal herpes virus, which can infect pigs, cattle, sheep and other domestic animals. Recently, it has also been reported that it can infect people and cause serious encephalitis.

Conclusion

Ask: "oh, my god! There are so many hateful "tenants" on my poor little body except the disgusting fat. I feel dirty. What should I do?

A: "live well, after all, there are very few people who are not infected." Knowing so much knowledge doesn’t make you suspicious and worry too much. What’s the use of worrying blindly? Most herpes viruses are really "small bubbles". Understanding these viruses is to know how to prevent them, how to deal with symptoms, restore health as soon as possible, and avoid the most serious situation. People in rivers and lakes, the world of mortals, HHV-1, HHV-2, HHV-3, HHV-4, HHV-5, HHV-6 and HHV-7 keep us alive.

reference data

https://www.who.int/zh/news/item/01-05-2020-billions-worldwide-living-with-herpes

https://www.who.int/zh/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/herpes-simplex-virus#hsv1

https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/genital-herpes-a-to-z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpesviridae

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genital_herpes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_labialis

https://www.healthhub.sg/a-z/diseases-and-conditions/38/genitalherpes

https://www.cdc.gov/std/herpes/stdfact-herpes-detailed.htm

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00430-014-0358-x

https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db304.htm

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)- An Overview

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV): Structure, Clinical Feature, Lab Diagnosis

https://www.std.uw.edu/

https://www.connecticutchildrens.org/health-library/en/parents/chicken-pox/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenpox

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingles

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicella_zoster_virus

https://www.sohu.com/a/283735369_699704

https://www.connecticutchildrens.org/health-library/en/parents/chicken-pox/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpesviridae

https://www.verywellfamily.com/how-to-make-your-own-oatmeal-bath-289466

https://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/about-ebv.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma-associated_herpesvirus

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Original title: "Once the infection recurs for life, the most difficult virus in history has captured 90% of the world’s population. When it is discovered during sexual life, it must be stopped in time."

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