Original serious demographic gossip group serious demographic gossip

Author | Wang Han Ph.D. student in sociology, University of Saskatchewan, Canada

Editor | Zhao Menghan Associate Professor, Population and Development Research Center, Renmin University of China

After the outbreak of COVID-19, all aspects of our lives have been greatly impacted, and education is also an area that has been deeply influenced and changed. Due to the demand of prevention and control, face-to-face teaching was forced to stop. In order to solve the teaching problems of all kinds of students, especially those in the basic education stage, an upsurge of online teaching has been set off around the world since 2020.

Our country has also responded quickly in developing online teaching. As early as January 29, 2020, the Ministry of Education issued a notice: advocating the use of online platforms to achieve "suspension of classes without stopping teaching and learning", so as to gradually restore the order of education and teaching. Subsequently, major universities, primary and secondary schools responded to the call and began to implement online teaching. Although offline teaching was also carried out during the slow epidemic, it was not until this year that offline campus teaching was basically completely restored. It should be said that the implementation of online teaching not only protects the health of teachers and students, but also minimizes the impact of the epidemic on teaching activities.

Of course, the emergence and application of anything new has a complicated impact. There are many difficulties and challenges, but it also brings innovation and hope. With the small series, we will sort out and summarize the influence and enlightenment brought to us by the online courses in the next three years in stages.

Chapter 1

Past lives of online class

As a new teaching method, Internet teaching has two main ways: live teaching and recorded teaching. Live teaching is the real-time classroom teaching and interaction with the help of the network platform, such as the popular Zoom abroad, the Tencent conference commonly used in domestic universities, and all kinds of nails that are collectively scored low by primary school students. Live teaching is equivalent to "moving" the classroom to the network platform. Recording and broadcasting teaching means uploading course videos and related materials made in advance on the network platform for learners to view and learn by themselves. The pioneer of recording and broadcasting teaching is the famous Coursera, and there are similar platforms in China, such as Netease Open Class and China University MOOC.

In fact, before the epidemic, Internet teaching had a broad audience in China, mainly concentrated in college students and adult self-learners. Online courses are widely used in all kinds of postgraduate entrance examinations, overseas examinations and civil service examinations, which makes large-scale training and teaching possible. When Xiao Bian was preparing to go abroad for the exam n years ago, he participated in the GRE full-course and braille class of an institution. At that time, YY voice platform was adopted for online teaching.

Compared with adult learners, students in the basic education stage had less opportunities to contact online teaching before the "online class tide". For basic education, classroom education is not only a form of imparting knowledge, but also an important place for students to make friends and complete socialization. Therefore, compared with the online teaching of graduate students like Xiaobian, students and teachers in primary and secondary schools have encountered many problems in the process of accepting online teaching.

Chapter 2

Difficulties and challenges in online courses

The first challenge that online classes bring to teachers and students in primary and secondary schools is the technical problem. First of all, in terms of network and equipment, some students can’t get a stable network connection due to economic constraints, or they don’t have computers at home. Many students use mobile devices to attend online classes, which may damage their eyesight because of the small screen. In terms of acceptance, primary school students’ acceptance is greater than that of high school students, which may be related to the complexity of the teaching content.

Teachers also have similar network and equipment problems, but what teachers reflect more is their unfamiliarity with teaching software and lack of live broadcast experience. How to organize teaching and interaction in virtual environment is a big challenge for teachers, especially for older teachers, who need to spend more time getting familiar with and applying new technologies. The research points out that most primary and secondary school teachers have negative emotions such as "nervousness and anxiety" when they just turn to online teaching. After using it for a period of time, with the improvement of teachers’ mastery of new technologies, their self-confidence in online teaching has also improved significantly. Technology-related problems are obvious in the initial stage of online course application. With the increase of familiarity, most of the problems have been solved.

Compared with technical problems, the quality of online teaching is the focus of attention. In a nationwide survey of online classes in primary and secondary schools, most parents said that they didn’t recognize the effect of their children’s learning. The main reason was that parents thought that their children’s autonomous learning ability was poor, and they could not effectively supervise and restrain their children because the teachers were not present. Common problems such as absent-mindedness, inattention in listening, and inattention in completing homework. On social media, Xiao Bian also saw a post. A teacher opened the teaching software to check the homework, only to find that the homework photos uploaded by the students were net maps, and all the students uploaded the same photo. What’s even more outrageous is that in order to avoid the teacher’s discovery, some students added different filters to the photos, and when they saw the students’ "Sao operation", the teacher also said that he was speechless.

The classroom in colleges and universities needs more interaction and discussion between teachers and students, while in online courses, teachers and students lack opportunities for face-to-face communication. The form of online teaching is like a "enough paper" for communication and interaction. Although it is only a thin layer, it is difficult to attract students to break it in class. Without asking to turn on the camera, many students are confused, lying down and listening to classes while walking, and the learning effect is naturally not good.

In addition, due to the differences of students’ family environment and family relationship, online teaching will amplify the influence of family background on students. Children from wealthy families will have a better learning environment and a better learning effect than children from low-income families. Therefore, how to improve the teaching quality of online teaching for students in compulsory education stage is a subject worth studying in the future.

Chapter 3

Surprises and opportunities brought by online courses

The popularity of online teaching has promoted the development of internet teaching technology, innovated teaching methods and promoted the development of various online teaching platforms and software. As a nail, the school-based function is convenient for teachers to check and correct homework and improve teaching efficiency. In the process of developing online courses, teachers have innovated teaching methods and accumulated teaching experience supported by new technologies.

Although some students are even more reluctant to participate in interaction in online classes, due to the absence of the Internet, some students who are usually silent in the classroom can participate in classroom interaction more actively after switching to the Internet platform, which is also a pleasant surprise in online teaching.

In the process of online teaching, parents’ participation in their children’s education has increased significantly. Due to the absence of teachers, parents assume the role of supervision and management of their children, which gives many parents who are usually busy with their work and less involved in their children’s studies an opportunity to get to know their children better. In the process of supervising and tutoring children’s homework, the interaction between parents and children has also increased significantly, which is helpful to improve family relations (of course, when the academic performance is not good, it will also have the opposite effect).

The popularity of online courses has also greatly enriched Internet educational resources. In the past, some teaching resources that were difficult to retrieve on the Internet can now be easily found on various platforms, which will help reduce the cost of education and give everyone a more equal opportunity to obtain educational resources. Some things that you used to have to take remedial classes can now be found on the Internet. At the same time, the online teaching resources have realized "paperless" teaching and learning, which is conducive to saving resources and protecting the environment.

More importantly, the popularity of online courses is a new opportunity for friends who are interested in lifelong learning and improve themselves through self-study. For example, on Coursera, you can hear courses from top universities in the world, such as Harvard University and University of California, Berkeley, and most of them are provided free of charge. If your English is not very good, there are many Chinese Coursera courses for you to choose from in Netease open class. The bridge of the internet allows many people who have no chance to study abroad to dream of famous schools. The popularity of online courses is a great boon for lifelong learners.

To sum up, although online education has encountered some difficulties and challenges in the initial stage of application, it is very valuable in the long run. Online teaching not only promotes the innovation of teaching technology, but also greatly enriches educational resources; It greatly reduces the cost of receiving education, is conducive to the popularization and sinking of knowledge, and improves the overall quality of the people. Therefore, in the future, as educators, we should pay more attention to the value of online education and focus on solving the problems found in the teaching process, so that online education can benefit a wider group.

References:

Pokhrel, S., & Chhetri, R. (2021). A literature review on impact of COVID-19 pandemic on teaching and learning. Higher education for the future, 8(1), 133-141.

Zhang Huirong, Zhu Yuqiong, Nianchuang, & Xiong Zhangxiao. (2020). Online teaching in primary and secondary schools under major epidemic: opportunities, challenges and countermeasures. Curriculum. Teaching methods, 40(5), 58-63.

Tang Xueping,&Li Chen. (2021). Analysis of public awareness of online teaching in primary and secondary schools during the COVID-19 epidemic. Distance education in China.

Zhang Binglin, Fu Rui,&Li Dingding. (2020). Rational Thinking on Webcast Teaching in Post-epidemic Period. Curriculum. Textbook. Teaching Method, 40(6), 73-80.

Original title: "Do you miss the online class for three years? 》

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　　CCTV News:This year’s "Government Work Report" pointed out that it is necessary to promote the steady growth of consumption, and take measures to increase the income of urban and rural residents and enhance their spending power.

　　In 2018, the total retail sales of consumer goods in China exceeded 38 trillion, and consumption became the "main engine" of economic growth for five consecutive years; In 2019, we will promote the formation of a strong domestic market, continuously release the potential of domestic demand, make up for shortcomings in services, and adapt to new demands. Consumption upgrades, where does the money go? Where can consumption tap the potential?

　　News link:

　　According to the preliminary accounting data of the National Bureau of Statistics, China’s GDP in 2018 was 90.03 trillion yuan, an increase of 6.6% over the previous year. The contribution rate of final consumption expenditure to GDP growth in the whole year was 76.2%, an increase of 18.6 percentage points over the previous year.

　　Where does the consumption upgrade money go?

　　Yang Chengzhang: Information, health, culture and tourism are the new consumption trends.

　　Yang Chengzhang, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference: The proportion of digital consumption and information consumption is increasing, and a large amount of consumption is obtained through digital information. Healthy consumption and cultural consumption are also a trend of high-quality consumption. For example, it can be seen from a family of four generations that each level has its own consumption hotspots and consumption patterns, especially the elderly and children, who were relatively disadvantaged groups in consumption, but now these two groups are precisely places with great potential. On the whole, China’s consumption potential is still very large. The problem is how to release the potential, become the current consumption hotspot, and drive consumer demand, which is very important for our current economic growth.

　　Crown: Engel coefficient innovation is low, "good life" becomes mainstream

　　Wang Guan, financial commentator of Yangguang: Engel coefficient refers to the percentage of money spent by a person or a family on food, which accounts for the income of the whole family. In 1978, China’s Engel coefficient was 58%, and about 60% of Chinese’s money was spent on food. Last year, our Engel coefficient dropped to 28.4%, which is a very great achievement. Today, Chinese spends less than 30% on food.

　　So where did the money go? It is understood that in 2018, the box office of Chinese movies reached about 60 billion yuan, while domestic tourism reached 5.5 billion, and outbound travel was close to 150 million. In other words, people have turned to cultural consumption, from traditional dietary consumption to more consumption that meets people’s needs for a better life.

　　Where does the potential of consumption go?

　　News link:

　　According to the Ministry of Commerce, there are three major measures to promote consumption this year: First, promote urban consumption and promote consumption upgrading, including upgrading a number of pedestrian streets and optimizing the layout of convenience stores; The second is to expand rural consumption and promote agricultural products to enter the city and industrial products to the countryside; The third is to develop service consumption, optimize service supply, and focus on filling shortcomings such as old-age care services and domestic services.

　　Yang Chengzhang: The consumption concept should be innovated when changing the consumption pattern.

　　Yang Chengzhang, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference: The consumption concepts of different income groups are in the process of collision between the old and the new. For example, older people may not understand the moonlight clan born in 1980s and 1990s, because the traditional culture of China advocates frugality and housekeeping, so they should save money to live, not borrow money. But saving money to live is a way, and borrowing money to live is also a way. Saving money is to use the value created now in the future, and borrowing money to live is to have confidence in the future, so everyone’s consumption concept is changing, and there is still a lot of room for improvement here.

　　In addition, consumption patterns should be constantly innovated. For example, a house should not only be large, but also comfortable. In some developed countries, although the house area is not large, the decoration is particularly particular. Therefore, we should follow the house to explore consumption, follow the car to explore consumption, follow the mobile phone to explore consumption, follow the high-speed rail to explore consumption and fully tap the consumption potential.

　　Crown: Driving High-quality Employment by Consumption Upgrading Dongfeng

　　Wang Guan, commentator of Yangguang Finance and Economics: It is very important to promote consumption in order to stabilize growth. Steady growth is actually to stabilize employment, and employment is the biggest livelihood.

　　With stable employment and increased income, we will have confidence. We should take advantage of the east wind of consumption upgrading to promote high-quality employment. For example: B&B renovation. In some rural areas of Shandong and Zhejiang, the rebuilt homestay is even more expensive than a five-star hotel, and it brings a series of production work, such as water and electricity heating, pipeline design and construction of the whole appearance, and so on.

　　In addition, how to develop and use the network online and how to publicize it have brought more detailed work needs, so with the consumption upgrading, the whole employment will be upgraded.

　　Yang Chengzhang: Consumption is the stabilizer of economic growth.

　　Yang Chengzhang, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference: Consumption is the stabilizer of current economic growth, because the contribution rate of consumption reaches 78%. At present, GDP growth in the world is on the decline, and it is still difficult for our external demand to increase substantially. What does China rely on under such circumstances? It depends on consumption. When consumption stabilizes, the economy will naturally stabilize. This year, the government’s series of policies focus on two points: one is consumption, and the other is private enterprises. The consumption potential is the greatest, because the population of 1.4 billion is the largest market.

　　Crown: Seize the strategic opportunity period of consumption upgrading to promote the high-quality development of China economy.

　　Wang Guan, financial commentator of Yangguang: Seize the strategic opportunity period of consumption upgrading and promote the high-quality economic development of China. In the past 40 years of reform and opening up, we have enjoyed huge dividends, and the domestic demand is unprecedented. Not only China, but also the whole world is very optimistic about this strong consumer demand, so our supply-side structural reform should keep up with this rhythm.

　　Today, consumers in China have changed from buying cheap and affordable products to buying quality and brands. Under such circumstances, how can China’s economy reach a new level? We bid farewell to the shortage economy in the past and entered the quality economy today. To realize the high-quality development of China’s economy, we need a series of supporting measures. This issue deserves our long-term consideration.

Cctv newsAccording to "Healthy Sunshine" WeChat WeChat official account, on August 15th, the office of the Leading Group (Headquarters) of the Party Working Committee of Shanhaitian Tourism Resort issued a notice saying that at 2 am on August 15th, Shanhaitian Tourism Resort was positive for the initial screening of nucleic acid test of a provincial tourist who was investigated by the provincial CDC, and the municipal CDC was positive for the reexamination. The positive patient has been transferred to the designated hospital by negative pressure ambulance and diagnosed as asymptomatic infection by the expert group.

According to epidemiological investigation, asymptomatic infected people arrived at Rizhao Airport at about 10: 00 on August 13th on flight PN6247 from Chongqing, and the landing nucleic acid test was negative. Check in at Lijiatai B&B Hotel at 11: 00. At 9: 00 a.m. on the 14th, I went to the sampling point in Lijiatai (wearing a mask all the time), and the nucleic acid test was negative. After receiving the information of provincial disease control investigation, isolation and control measures shall be taken immediately. The activity area is mainly near Lijiatai.

At present, 9 close contacts have been preliminarily investigated, and the results of nucleic acid test are all negative. There are 37 sub-close contacts, and isolation control measures have been taken. The flow tracing and isolation control work is in progress.

On August 20th, Feng Rong Zhen was sentenced to 12 years’ imprisonment by Fangchenggang Intermediate People’s Court for gambling. @ Guangxi News Network

Fangchenggang, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, with its back to the southwest and facing Southeast Asia, has experienced rapid economic development and rapid urban construction in recent years with its special geographical advantages along the coast. With the large-scale development of urban construction, corruption has also been quietly bred. Feng Rong Zhen, former chairman and general manager of Fangchenggang Urban Construction Investment Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Urban Investment Company), embarked on the road of corruption in the process of urban road construction. Feng Rong Zhen’s bribery case, which was investigated and prosecuted by Fangchenggang City Procuratorate, was recently pronounced by the court in the first instance. Feng Rong Zhen was sentenced to 12 years’ imprisonment for accepting bribes of 4.93 million yuan and confiscated 500,000 yuan of personal property.

The road has been transformed into a "road to collect money"

Beibu Gulf Avenue (formerly Xinggang Avenue) in Fangchenggang City is the main road of the city. It comes out of the toll station in Fangchenggang City and directly enters Beibu Gulf Avenue. In order to meet the needs of urban development, in 2010, Fangchenggang Municipal Government decided to completely transform the original Xinggang Avenue to improve the overall taste of the city.

Fangchenggang City Investment Company is a wholly state-owned enterprise invested and established by the municipal government. Its business scope mainly includes: construction investment and management of urban infrastructure projects, comprehensive development of real estate, wholesale and retail of building and decoration materials, nursery stock management and greening project undertaking, etc. It is also the owner of the above-mentioned Xinggang Avenue reconstruction project. Feng Rong Zhen, the chairman and general manager of the company, holds the important decision-making power in the construction, project payment, completion acceptance, project settlement and other aspects of the project, and is of course the object of public relations of many bosses of the project construction party.

In two blocks of road reconstruction project from Yuluoling to Daoshuiao on Xinggang Avenue, a construction engineering company is the contractor, and Ma is the manager of the contractor. Feng Rong Zhen and Ma know each other because of their business ties. In order to get Rong Zhen’s attention, Ma often sends some gifts to bring them closer together.

One night in May 2011, Ma called Feng Rong Zhen and said that he would send some tea, and agreed to meet him at Taoyuan Street in the port area. Rong Zhen drove to Taoyuan Street and stopped. When Ma saw that Rong Zhen’s car arrived, he came to Rong Zhen’s car with a schoolbag and said, "Mr. Feng, this is the tea I gave you." Say that finish and left. Holding this heavy schoolbag, Feng Rong Zhen knew it well. When he opened it, he found that there was RMB cash in 100 yuan denomination, and each bundle was bound with plastic tape, making a total of 1 million yuan in cash.

Why did Ma send 1 million yuan in cash? There is not much communication between them. Afterwards, Feng Rong Zhen said: Maybe because I am the chairman and general manager of the city investment company, I will send money to me in order to get my care in the construction, project payment, completion acceptance and project settlement of the project. However, Ma has never verbally asked me for any care and help, and I have never deliberately taken care of or made things difficult for Ma or the construction party in my work. In Feng Rong Zhen’s view, even accepting money, as long as it is not deliberately taken care of at work, is not a bribe.

As a matter of fact, Feng Rong Zhen took care of the construction party in the process of organizing two blocks of projects, and received a total of 1.47 million yuan from Ma, the person in charge of the construction party, for six times.

In addition, Feng Rong Zhen also took care of the construction party in other bid projects, and received 560,000 yuan and 200,000 yuan from two other construction party leaders, Yang and Liu, five times.

The reconstruction project of Xinggang Avenue has become a "way to collect money" for Rong Zhen. After the completion of the project, there are serious quality problems, especially the section from Yuluoling to Daoshui ‘ao. Not long after the renovation, the pavement is pitted and uneven, which seriously affects the travel of citizens and the overall image of the city. The masses are quite complaining about this.

Bonded Logistics Center in Fangchenggang City

Building a "road network" is good for "fishing" money

In the process of urban construction in Fangchenggang City, "road network engineering" is a word with high frequency. The owners of major road network engineering such as "three horizontal and two vertical" road network engineering in the administrative center area and the road network engineering in the municipal bonded logistics center are all Fangchenggang City Investment Company. As the head of the company, Feng Rong Zhen will naturally receive many "sugar-coated shells".

One afternoon before the Spring Festival in 2010, Liu, the owner of the road network project, called to meet Rong Zhen. After the meeting, Liu took out two bags of things from the car and put them in the trunk of Rong Zhen’s car. He said, "Mr. Feng, this is 2 million yuan in cash, of which 800,000 yuan was returned to you by a friend of yours, and the other 1.2 million yuan is my own gift." Liu left after he finished speaking.

Rong Zhen didn’t say much and didn’t check the money, so he took it back to Fangchenggang and lent it to his brother to run his personal business. Feng Rong Zhen knows very well that the money came entirely for his own rights. Liu is the manager of the construction party of Fangchenggang’s "three horizontals and two verticals" road network project and Fangchenggang Bonded Logistics Center road network project. Liu wants to be taken care of in terms of project construction, project payment, completion acceptance and project settlement before sending this 1.2 million yuan.

After verification, in addition to the above-mentioned road network project, Feng Rong Zhen took care of the construction party in the process of organizing the construction of a bid section of North-South Avenue, the earthwork project of Fangchenggang Vocational Education Center, the Bailu Park project, and the road reconstruction project of Yuluoling-Daoshuiao section of Xinggang Avenue, and received a total of 2.5 million yuan from Liu, the person in charge of the construction party, three times.

Feng Rong Zhen not only lavished money on big projects, but also spared some small projects. Feng Rong Zhen gave convenience to the project contractor in the process of purchasing and installing weak current system engineering equipment for Fangchenggang City Investment Company’s comprehensive building project, and accepted 100,000 yuan; In the process of building a bid section of Dongwan Avenue in Fangchenggang City, he gave convenience to the project contractor Yang and accepted 100,000 yuan in cash.

500,000 yuan of stolen money was donated to my hometown.

In 2014, the procuratorate of Fangchenggang launched a massive special campaign to crack down on duty crimes in state-owned enterprises. During this campaign, nine people, including Feng Rong Zhen, chairman and general manager of Fangchenggang City Investment Company, and Zhang Hengyu, deputy general manager, were investigated for criminal responsibility.

Feng Rong Zhen was born in an ordinary family in Gongcheng County, Guilin. He was determined to get ahead from an early age, and then he was admitted to the university through hard work and worked as a postgraduate. Because of his outstanding work performance, Feng Rong Zhen had a smooth career path. At the age of 31, he was appointed as the director of Fangchenggang Fangcheng District Construction Bureau. Before he was 40, he became the chairman and general manager of Fangchenggang Urban Construction Investment Co., Ltd., a member of the party group of the Municipal Development and Reform Commission, and the deputy director and deputy director of the municipal major project construction office. Because of the struggle as a child, Feng Rong Zhen has a deep affection for his hometown, and he never forgets what he can do for his hometown. In fact, Rong Zhen also took action, but in a shameful way.

In the process of investigating Feng Rong Zhen’s case, when tracing the whereabouts of the stolen money, a sum of stolen money attracted everyone’s attention: from 2010 to the end of 2013, Feng Rong Zhen invested about 500,000 yuan in building bridges, roads and Little Square in his hometown of Gongcheng County, and the money was paid by his brother Feng.

The 4.93 million yuan illegally accepted by Feng Rong Zhen was mainly used for buying houses, investing in mining partnerships and personal consumption, in addition to investing in public welfare undertakings. Feng Rongzhen spent 1.4 million yuan to buy a property in Nanning at the end of 2009; In 2012, in my hometown of Gongcheng County, I invested 500,000 yuan to mine in partnership with my relatives.

In the investigation stage, the case-handling organ recovered 489,000 yuan from Feng Rong Zhen’s bank account and stock account, and recovered 100,000 yuan from others, and his relatives withdrew 300,000 yuan from the court during the trial stage, and a total of 889,000 yuan was withdrawn before and after Feng Rong Zhen.

On February 2nd this year, Feng Rong Zhen’s suspected bribery case was heard in the Fangchenggang Intermediate People’s Court. Facing the accusation of the procuratorate, Feng Rong Zhen confessed his criminal facts. Because he voluntarily surrendered himself and truthfully confessed his criminal behavior, he pleaded guilty with a good attitude and withdrew part of the money, the court finally gave him a lighter punishment and made the above judgment according to law.

When the gavel fell, Feng Rong Zhen’s expression was dim, and his hard work and high spirits were all gone with a verdict.

On December 14th, the 4th member congress of Guangdong Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Cooperation Promotion Association was held in Guangzhou. Before the meeting, Li Xi, secretary of the provincial party committee, Ma Xingrui, governor, and Zhu Xiaodan, director of the Overseas Chinese Committee of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, met with representatives from all walks of life in Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao.

On behalf of the provincial party committee and government, Li Xi expressed his gratitude to the representatives from all walks of life who have long cared for and supported the development of Guangdong and promoted the cooperation between Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao. He pointed out that the construction of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is a national strategy personally planned, deployed and promoted by the Supreme Leader General Secretary, which provides a great historical opportunity for the cooperation and development of the three places. From October 22nd to 25th, the General Secretary visited Guangdong and delivered an important speech. He personally attended the opening ceremony of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge and announced the official opening of the bridge, demanding that Guangdong shoulder the important responsibility of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area’s construction and make good use of the great opportunities and articles of Greater Bay Area’s construction. We will keep in mind the earnest entrustment of the General Secretary, make full use of the province’s efforts to promote the construction of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, and push the reform and opening up to a higher starting point, a higher level and a higher goal. It is hoped that the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Cooperation Promotion Association will thoroughly implement the principle of "one country, two systems", continue to play the role of an important platform for non-governmental exchanges and cooperation between Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao, actively contribute wisdom and strength around the construction of Greater Bay Area, and make new and greater contributions to deepening the cooperation between Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao, maintaining the prosperity and stability of Hong Kong and Macao, and promoting their better integration into the overall situation of national development.

Vice Governor Ouyang Weimin delivered a speech at the meeting. He said that Guangdong has conscientiously studied and implemented the spirit of the important speech made by General Secretary Supreme Leader during his visit to Guangdong, and made solid efforts in accelerating the construction of an international science and technology innovation center, improving supporting construction and policy arrangements for major projects, steadily promoting cooperation in the field of people’s livelihood, and strengthening cooperation in ecological environment protection and governance, so as to promote the implementation of Greater Bay Area’s construction. I hope that the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Cooperation Promotion Association will focus on Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area’s development, make suggestions and suggestions, and promote all walks of life in Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao to jointly build Greater Bay Area and write a new chapter in cooperation and development.

The meeting elected a new leading body of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Cooperation Promotion Association. Provincial leader Lin Xiong, Chief Secretary for Administration Zhang Jianzong of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government and Financial Secretary Liang Weite of the Macao Special Administrative Region Government attended the meeting.

　　BEIJING, Beijing, January 22 (Reporter Shangguan Yun) "The sound of firecrackers is one year old, and the spring breeze warms Tu Su." Another Spring Festival is coming, and people greet the long-awaited Lunar New Year with rich and varied festival customs.

　　Meng Lingfa, an associate professor at chongqing technology and business university College of Law and Sociology, mentioned in an exclusive interview with Zhongxin.com that the Spring Festival reflects the exchange between the old and the new in natural time and space, and has a beautiful meaning of getting rid of the old, praying for the good fortune, giving thanks first and reuniting the family.

　　In fact, no matter how the customs change, the Spring Festival is always a reunion festival valued by Chinese, and it also reflects the profoundness and long history of Chinese excellent traditional culture from all aspects.

　　1. What is the meaning of the Spring Festival?

　　Spring Festival is one of the most important traditional festivals in China. As the saying goes, "one hundred years is the first" and "four seasons spring is the first", which reflects the exchange of old and new natural time and space.

　　Therefore, as a title of "Year", the Spring Festival has a beautiful meaning of getting rid of the old and spreading the new, praying for happiness, giving thanks and family reunion in various sacrificial ceremonies and celebrations.

　　In essence, "Chinese New Year" can also be regarded as a time period. In ancient times, there was no word "Spring Festival", but "the first day of the first month" was often called Yuanshuo, Yuanri, SGD, New Year’s Day, Zhengri, Yuanchen or Xinzheng.

　　Meng Lingfa said that until the Republic of China, "the first day of the first month" was named "Spring Festival" and it has been used ever since.

　　Second, why is the Spring Festival called Xinzheng?

　　Among the various names of the Spring Festival, "Xinzheng" has been widely used since the Sui and Tang Dynasties. For example, Meng Haoran’s poem "The New Year’s Eve will be a happy house in Zhang Shaofu" says: "The old plum blossoms sing, and the new Zhengbai wine bottle."

　　In Yuan Xi, an old story of Wulin, Zhou Mi of the Song Dynasty wrote: "As soon as you enter the new school, the lights are getting brighter." In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the name "Xinzheng" was also continued. In "Cold Swallow in Pingshan", a mountain man wrote: "Because I spent the New Year at home at the end of the year, Xinzheng got up and took office."

　　The title of "Zhengri" may have appeared in the Han Dynasty. In the Book of Beginners of Tang Xujian, four quotations from the Four People’s Moon Order of Han Dynasty said: "The first day of the first month is called Zhengri." Whether it’s a new day or a new day, these titles all reflect the ancient people’s understanding of the first day of the New Year.

　　In essence, these words have certain beautiful meanings. No matter which word is used to refer to "the first day of the first month", the concepts such as "new", "positive" and "yuan" embodied in it all show people’s time positioning for the beginning of a year and their recognition of Vientiane’s renewal.

　　Third, how to set the festival with the beginning of the year?

　　The Spring Festival can become a traditional festival in China, and it has experienced a long development process, which is also related to the choice of calendar.

　　According to Meng Lingfa, China has a very long history of observing images and giving time, but there are still differences from one dynasty to another, which has a direct impact on the tradition of observing festivals at the beginning of the year.

　　In ancient times, people took the Big Dipper as the benchmark, and determined that "bucket handle Huiyin" was Chunzheng and "beginning of spring, who built Zhengyin Moon", was the beginning of the year. This is exactly the method of the era of the main branch, or the star calendar.

　　Simply speaking, the first month of the summer calendar is in Meng Chun, the first month of the business calendar is in winter and December, and the first month of the week calendar is in winter and November. After Qin unified the six countries, the Qin calendar (Zhuan Xu calendar) was adopted, and the first month was set in October.

　　In the early Han Dynasty, the Qin calendar was used. By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, astronomers Tang Dou, Luo Xiahong, Deng Ping, etc., while absorbing the solar terms, made the "taichu calendar" and restored the first day of the spring of the summer calendar as the beginning of the year. This laid the time foundation for today’s Spring Festival, and Luoxiahong, a native of Langzhong, Sichuan, became the "first person in the Spring Festival" recognized by contemporary scholars and was regarded as the "grandfather of the year".

　　4. Why was "Nian" extended to the name of the year?

　　Nowadays, when people mention the Spring Festival, they always say "Spring Festival". Meng Lingfa explained that "Nian" belongs to the word "He", and Xu Shen wrote "Nian" as "Bang" in Shuo Wen Jie Zi, which means "which is the valley".

　　"Gu Liang Chuan Huan Gong Three Years" records that "all grains are ripe for years". Based on this, "year" has the meaning of "year achievement", that is, "one year’s harvest" Based on this original meaning, "year" gradually extended to the meaning of expressing time, and thus concepts such as "year festival", "age", "anniversary" and "age" appeared.

　　The same is true of the "year" of "Chinese New Year". As the so-called "spring planting", "summer hoeing", "autumn harvest" and "winter storage" go round and round, it is not difficult to understand that people regard "Chinese New Year" as a festival to celebrate the harvest.

　　In addition, "food is the most important thing for the people" and "community" and "millet" are extremely important to people, and in such an important period of the Spring Festival, posting Spring Festival couplets with the meaning of "bumper harvest", holding performances of "social fire" and "social drama", and praying for "good weather" and "bumper harvest" have become very important belief activities.

　　5. What is the relationship between New Year’s Eve and Spring Festival?

　　From the time point of view, New Year’s Eve is connected with the Spring Festival, but it has its origin, that is, "expelling diseases and ghosts". Han stone reliefs have "Nuo Opera Map", and Song Yi’s painting "Da Nuo Map" is proof.

　　Meng Lingfa explained that the original meaning of "except" is "transaction" and "evening" means "night", and this day is generally on the 30 th of the twelfth lunar month, commonly known as "the 30 th of the year" It is night people who "stay up all night", which is commonly called "keeping the old age".

　　Therefore, from its original meaning, it can mean "abandoning the old and welcoming the new" and "exorcising evil spirits and avoiding filth" on the last night of the year. Therefore, there are similarities and differences between Spring Festival and New Year’s Eve, and the former can also include the latter to some extent — — Folk custom says that "it is the year after Laba", and "Year" is called "Spring Festival" in modern and contemporary society.

　　In addition, according to different kinship, people go to relatives’ homes to pay New Year greetings at different times from the first day of junior high school. For example, in some places, they "return to their parents’ homes" on the second day of junior high school and "aunts and uncles" on the third day.

　　6. When does New Year’s Eve appear at the earliest?

　　People in China often refer to New Year’s Eve as "New Year’s Eve", which is called "New Year’s Eve" if it is a day or a night. In some areas, the day before New Year’s Eve is also called "New Year’s Eve".

　　From the perspective of classics, the appearance of "New Year’s Eve" may be much later than the Spring Festival. The earliest reference to "New Year’s Eve" in the existing literature is the "Records of Local Customs" written by the Western Jin and Zhou Dynasties. "On New Year’s Eve, if you don’t sleep, it is called keeping the year."

　　Most of New Year’s Eve falls on the 30th of the twelfth lunar month, but it also falls on the 29th of the twelfth lunar month. Meng Lingfa said that the traditional calendar in China is generally a combination of yin and yang, which considers both the sun and the moon, and the Big Dipper and the Twenty-eight Nights. However, in order to bridge the time difference between the sun, the moon and the stars, a flat year and a leap year were established.

　　Therefore, there are 30 days and 29 days in the last month of the lunar year, but there are more than 30 days.

　　Seven, why do you want to keep the age?

　　"Shounian" is also called "Shounian Fire", according to the age, etc. Simply put, after dinner, the whole family entered the first day of the first month from "New Year’s Eve" until dawn.

　　Meng Lingfa believes that one of the reasons for this custom may be that "Shounian" originated from ancient nature worship and people’s reasonable explanation of it. People take the behavior of "staying up late" to resolve the survival crisis brought by the imaginary "Nian beast".

　　In other words, people hope to build an invisible force in the span of two periods to drive away all evil diseases and epidemics, so as to realize the effective protection of family or collective members.

　　In a word, the custom of "keeping the old age" on New Year’s Eve mainly comes from a symbolic expression of people’s alternation between the old and the new, which embodies people’s perceptual cognition and treatment of the cyclical changes in natural time series, and gradually moves towards national entertainment.

　　8. What are the main customs of the Spring Festival?

　　During the Spring Festival, there are various festival customs, such as eating jiaozi, setting off fireworks, paying lucky money and visiting temple fairs.

　　After eating the New Year’s Eve dinner, I also took back the Kitchen God. When the first day of the first month, everyone went to visit relatives and friends as usual, and "Happy New Year" in turn. People put on their favorite new clothes, prepare refreshments and sweets, and entertain guests warmly.

　　In the old folk customs, from the first day to the seventh day, everything is exquisite every day, which is quite ceremonial.

　　Nine, why do you want to eat "five spicy dishes"?

　　Interestingly, some places eat "five spicy dishes" during the Spring Festival, which are cold dishes composed of five kinds of plants: raw leeks, raw onions, Polygonum cuspidatum, Polygonum cuspidatum and Artemisia scoparia, and some also use onions, garlic sprouts, ginger, peppers and mustard.

　　In the Southern Dynasties, Liang Zonggu’s Chronicle of the Age of Jingchu recorded: "Spring cakes, radishes and spiced spring plates are eaten in the New Year". It can be seen that the "five-spice plate" was widely distributed in Chu.

　　The "five-spice plate" is basically based on spicy dishes, and its homonym is "new", which means the beginning of a new year. In addition, eating "five spicy dishes" has the meaning of eliminating evil and diseases, and praying for "good health in the new year".

　　Ten, saying goodbye to the old and welcoming the new is the core topic of the Spring Festival?

　　"Thousands of families always change new peaches for old ones every day." Meng Lingfa said that "saying goodbye to the old and welcoming the new" is indeed the core topic of the Spring Festival. It can be said that most Spring Festival activities are inseparable from this.

　　Sticking Spring Festival couplets, door gods, etc. generally appear on New Year’s Eve (noon); The bowing in New Year’s greetings on the first day of the first month, the auspicious words when greeting each other, etc., can all show that both of them have the characteristics of "resigning the old and welcoming the new".

　　Meng Lingfa believes that, comparatively speaking, the "farewell to the old" attribute of New Year’s Eve is prominent, and the custom of the first day of the first month is more inclined to "welcome the new".

　　In his view, celebrating the Spring Festival is an important activity that China has inherited for thousands of years. We should pay attention to the role of traditional culture in the development of contemporary society, do a good job in the process of protection and inheritance, and better maintain the cultural identity function of traditional festivals. (End)

South Korea’s "first lady" Jin Jianxi continued to attract attention after privately accepting the video exposure of brand-name bags. According to Yonhap News Agency, South Korean President Yin Xiyue responded for the first time to the accusation that his wife, Kim Jianxi, accepted a brand-name bag in an interview broadcast on the evening of the 7th local time, saying that she was not "heartless" enough to refuse the other party’s gift.

According to the report, Yin Xiyue said in an interview with KBS TV in South Korea that this video of Jin Jianxi’s "receiving the package" shot through a hidden camera in 2022 was exposed before the Korean election last year, which was a "political means".

"The problem is that she can’t refuse mercilessly. If you can call this a problem, this is a bit regrettable. " Yin Xiyue added, "It is not important to say that this is a political strategy, but that we should draw a clearer line to ensure that such things will not happen again."

The report said that Yin Xiyue has been under increasing pressure since the video of "First Lady Receiving Bags" was exposed. When asked whether he planned to appoint a special investigator to investigate the corruption of the president’s family members, or set up the office of the private secretary of the first lady, Yin Xiyue said that the special investigator should be elected by the National Assembly, and his office was considering setting up the office of the first lady’s affairs, but he also had reservations about the effectiveness of these measures in preventing such incidents. In addition, when asked if he and Jin Jianxi would have a dispute over accepting brand-name bags, Yin Xiyue replied with a smile: "Not at all."

According to previous reports from Korean media, on September 13th, 2022, Jin Jianxi accepted a Dior bag worth about 3 million won (about RMB16,000) from Cui Zaiying, a pastor of overseas Chinese living in the United States. The related video was shot by the built-in camera of Cui Zaiying’s watch, which caused a huge storm after being exposed. Han Dongxun, chairman (temporary leader) of the Emergency Countermeasures Committee of the ruling National Power Party of South Korea, has repeatedly stated that he should deal with this matter from the "national line of sight" and adhere to the position of "or cause national concern and should be treated from the national point of view", but the president’s office believes that the relevant dispute is purely a "sneak shot trap" and Jin Jianxi is only a victim.

It is reported that South Korea’s first lady, Jin Jianxi, was born in 1972 and married Yin Xiyue in 2012. After marriage, they had no children. In 2022, Yin Xiyue was elected as the president of South Korea, and Jin Jianxi was also called the "most beautiful first lady" in South Korea.

However, Jin Jianxi was later exposed to many scandals, including plagiarism of papers and falsification of resumes. Among them, the most controversial issue is that Jin Jianxi is involved in stock manipulation, tax evasion and relatives breaking the law.

According to previous reports, Jin Jianxi was accused of being involved in manipulating the share price of Deutsch Motors, a BMW dealer in South Korea, from 2009 to 2012. During Moon Jae in’s administration, the South Korean government conducted a 19-month investigation on the case, but Jin Jianxi was not prosecuted. On January 4th, the South Korean National Assembly submitted two special investigation bills to the South Korean Presidential Palace, one of which called "the independent inspection law of Kim Jianxi". On January 5, Yin Xiyue exercised the right of reconsideration (veto) and returned the relevant bill to the National Assembly for reconsideration.

In 2019, a report pointed out that the property under Jin Jianxi’s name had been detained by the relevant departments for "unpaid taxes". According to the report of East Asia Daily, according to the information of personnel hearing submitted by Yin Xiyue to the National Assembly, the Tax Section 1 of Seocho District Office of Seoul seized the commercial and residential apartment in Seocho District of Seoul under the name of Jin Jianxi in November 2012, November 2013 and January 2015. According to Yonhap News Agency’s previous report quoted by Zhongxin.com, on July 21st, 2023, Cui Enshun, the mother-in-law of South Korean President Yin Xiyue, was sentenced in the second instance. The court rejected the appeal filed by the defendant, sentenced Cui Enshun to one year’s imprisonment, upheld the judgment of the first instance and arrested her in court. It is reported that the mother-in-law of the current president was arrested in court, which is the first time in the history of Korean constitutionalism.

In addition, Jin Jianxi is also considered to have academic misconduct. Plagiarism in doctoral dissertations and other academic works has been criticized by the public. After an eight-month investigation, the National Power Party said that although Jin Jianxi’s works have "shortcomings" and "do not meet the current standards", they do not constitute academic misconduct.　

(Yangcheng Evening News Yangcheng School Comprehensive Global Network, The Paper, vision china)

Detailed explanation of the adjustment method of online banking transaction limit of banks

In today’s digital financial era, online banking has become one of the important channels for people to handle financial business. However, for the sake of safety and risk control, banks usually set a certain limit for online banking transactions. It is necessary for users to know how to adjust this limit.

Different banks may have different ways to adjust online banking transaction limits, but in general, they can be divided into the following common ways:

1. Online banking self-service adjustment:

Most banks provide the self-service function of online banking. Users can log in to their online banking accounts and find the function of adjusting transaction limit in related settings or security management options. Usually, banks will require users to authenticate themselves, such as entering SMS verification code, dynamic password, etc., to ensure that the account itself is operating.

2. Handling at the bank counter:

Go to the bank’s business outlets and ask the counter staff to adjust the online banking transaction limit. You need to bring your valid ID card and bank card, and the staff will assist you with the relevant procedures.

3. Telephone banking adjustment:

Some banks support adjusting the transaction limit by calling customer service. After dialing the phone, follow the voice prompts, and you may need to enter bank card number, password and other information for identity verification.

The following is a comparison of online banking transaction limit adjustment methods of some common banks:

It should be noted that when adjusting the online banking transaction limit, the bank will determine the final adjustment range according to your account usage, risk assessment and other factors. At the same time, increasing the trading limit may increase certain risks, so users are advised to make reasonable adjustments according to their actual needs and risk tolerance.

In addition, different types of transactions, such as transfer, payment and shopping payment, may have different limit settings. When adjusting the limit, you should be clear about what kind of trading limit you need to adjust.

In a word, understanding and mastering the adjustment method of online banking transaction limit can better meet personal financial needs and ensure the safe and convenient use of funds.

[Disclaimer] This article only represents the author’s own views and has nothing to do with Hexun. Hexun.com is neutral about the statements and opinions in this article, and does not provide any express or implied guarantee for the accuracy, reliability or completeness of the contents. Readers are requested for reference only, and please take full responsibility. Email: news_center@staff.hexun.com.

(2007yearfourmoonfiveDecreeNo. of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China492No. announcement　2019yearfourmoonthreeDecreeNo. of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China711No. revision)

Chapter I General Principles

the first　These Regulations are formulated in order to ensure that citizens, legal persons and other organizations obtain government information according to law, improve the transparency of government work, build a government ruled by law, and give full play to the service role of government information in people’s production, life and economic and social activities.

the second　The term "government information" as mentioned in these Regulations refers to the information produced or obtained by administrative organs in the process of performing administrative functions, and recorded and preserved in a certain form.

Article　People’s governments at all levels should strengthen the organization and leadership of government information disclosure.

The State Council General Office is the competent department in charge of the national government information disclosure, which is responsible for promoting, guiding, coordinating and supervising the national government information disclosure.

The general office (office) of the local people’s government at or above the county level is the competent department of government information disclosure in this administrative region, and is responsible for promoting, guiding, coordinating and supervising the government information disclosure in this administrative region.

The general office (room) of the department that implements vertical leadership is in charge of the government information disclosure of this system.

Article 4　People’s governments at all levels and people’s government departments at or above the county level shall establish and improve the system of government information disclosure of their administrative organs, and designate institutions (hereinafter referred to as government information disclosure institutions) to be responsible for the daily work of government information disclosure of their administrative organs.

The specific functions of government information disclosure institutions are:

(a) to handle the disclosure of government information of the administrative organ;

(two) to maintain and update the government information disclosed by this administrative organ;

(three) to organize the preparation of the administrative organ’s guide to government information disclosure, the catalogue of government information disclosure and the annual report on government information disclosure;

(four) to organize the review of the government information to be disclosed;

(five) other functions related to the disclosure of government information as prescribed by this administrative organ.

Article 5　The administrative organ shall, when disclosing government information, adhere to the principle of fairness, fairness, legality and convenience, with publicity as the norm and non-disclosure as the exception.

Article 6　The administrative organ shall timely and accurately disclose government information.

If an administrative organ finds false or incomplete information that affects or may affect social stability and disrupt social and economic management order, it shall issue accurate government information for clarification.

Article 7　People’s governments at all levels should actively promote the work of government information disclosure and gradually increase the content of government information disclosure.

Article 8　People’s governments at all levels should strengthen the standardization, information management of government information resources, strengthen the construction of government information disclosure platform on the Internet, promote the integration of government information disclosure platform and government service platform, and improve the online processing level of government information disclosure.

Article 9　Citizens, legal persons and other organizations have the right to supervise the government information disclosure work of administrative organs and make criticisms and suggestions.

Chapter II Subject and Scope of Publicity

Article 10　Government information produced by an administrative organ shall be made public by the administrative organ that produced the government information. The government information obtained by the administrative organ from citizens, legal persons and other organizations shall be made public by the administrative organ that keeps the government information; The government information of other administrative organs obtained by administrative organs shall be made public by the administrative organ that produced or originally obtained the government information. Where laws and regulations have other provisions on the authority of government information disclosure, such provisions shall prevail.

If an agency or internal organization established by an administrative organ performs administrative functions in its own name in accordance with laws and regulations, the agency or internal organization may be responsible for the disclosure of government information related to the administrative functions performed.

Government information jointly produced by two or more administrative organs shall be made public by the administrative organ taking the lead.

Article 11　The administrative organ shall establish and improve the coordination mechanism of government information disclosure. If the disclosure of government information by an administrative organ involves other organs, it shall consult and confirm with the relevant organs to ensure the accuracy and consistency of the government information disclosed by the administrative organ.

If the disclosure of government information by administrative organs requires approval in accordance with laws, administrative regulations and relevant provisions of the state, it shall be made public after approval.

Article 12　The guide and catalogue of government information disclosure compiled and published by administrative organs shall be updated in a timely manner.

The guide to government information disclosure includes the classification, arrangement system, acquisition method of government information, and the name, office address, office hours, contact telephone number, fax number and internet contact information of the government information disclosure agency.

The catalogue of government information disclosure includes the index, name, content summary, generation date and other contents of government information.

Article 13　In addition to the government information stipulated in Articles 14, 15 and 16 of this Ordinance, the government information shall be made public.

The administrative organ shall disclose the government information voluntarily and according to the application.

Article 14　Government information determined as state secrets according to law, government information prohibited by laws and administrative regulations, and government information that may endanger national security, public security, economic security and social stability after disclosure shall not be disclosed.

Article 15　Government information involving business secrets, personal privacy and so on, the disclosure of which will damage the legitimate rights and interests of third parties, shall not be disclosed by administrative organs. However, if the third party agrees to make it public or the administrative organ thinks that the unfair meeting has a significant impact on the public interest, it shall be made public.

Article 16　The internal affairs information of administrative organs, including personnel management, logistics management, internal workflow and other aspects of information, can not be disclosed.

The process information such as discussion records, process drafts, consultation letters, request reports and administrative law enforcement file information formed by administrative organs in the process of performing administrative functions may not be made public. Where laws, regulations and rules stipulate that the above information shall be made public, such provisions shall prevail.

Article 17　The administrative organ shall establish and improve the government information disclosure review mechanism, and clarify the review procedures and responsibilities.

The administrative organ shall examine the government information to be disclosed in accordance with the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Guarding State Secrets and other laws, regulations and relevant provisions of the state.

If the administrative organ cannot determine whether the government information can be made public, it shall report it to the relevant competent department or the secrecy administrative department for determination in accordance with laws, regulations and relevant provisions of the state.

Article 18　The administrative organ shall establish and improve the dynamic adjustment mechanism of government information management, regularly evaluate and review the government information that the administrative organ does not disclose, and disclose the government information that can be disclosed due to changes in the situation.

Chapter III Active Publicity

Article 19　The administrative organ shall take the initiative to disclose the government information that involves the adjustment of public interests, needs to be widely known by the public or needs the public to participate in decision-making.

Article 20　The administrative organ shall, in accordance with the provisions of Article 19 of these regulations, voluntarily disclose the following government information of the administrative organ:

(1) Administrative regulations, rules and normative documents;

(two) the functions, organization, office address, office hours, contact information and the name of the person in charge;

(three) national economic and social development planning, special planning, regional planning and related policies;

(4) Statistical information on national economic and social development;

(five) the basis, conditions, procedures and results of handling administrative licensing and other external management services;

(six) the basis, conditions and procedures for the implementation of administrative punishment and administrative coercion, and the administrative punishment decision that this administrative organ considers to have certain social impact;

(seven) financial budget and final accounts information;

(eight) administrative fees and their basis and standards;

(nine) the catalogue, standards and implementation of centralized government procurement projects;

(ten) the approval and implementation of major construction projects;

(eleven) policies, measures and their implementation in poverty alleviation, education, medical care, social security and employment promotion;

(twelve) emergency plan, early warning information and response to public emergencies;

(thirteen) the supervision and inspection of environmental protection, public health, production safety, food and medicine, and product quality;

(fourteen) the positions, places, conditions and employment results of civil servants;

(fifteen) other government information that should be voluntarily disclosed by laws, regulations, rules and relevant provisions of the state.

Article 21　In addition to the government information specified in Article 20 of these regulations, the people’s governments at the municipal and county levels and their departments with districts shall, according to local specific conditions, voluntarily disclose government information related to municipal construction, public services, public welfare undertakings, land expropriation, housing expropriation, public security management, social assistance, etc. The township (town) people’s government should also take the initiative to openly implement government information on agricultural and rural policies, the construction and operation of irrigation and water conservancy projects, the transfer of rural land contractual management rights, the use of homesteads, land expropriation, housing expropriation, fund-raising and labor, social assistance, etc. according to local specific conditions.

Article 22　The administrative organ shall, in accordance with the provisions of Article 20 and Article 21 of these regulations, determine the specific content of voluntary disclosure of government information, and continuously increase the content of voluntary disclosure according to the deployment of the higher administrative organ.

Article 23　The administrative organ shall establish and improve the government information release mechanism, and publicize the government information voluntarily through government gazette, government website or other Internet government media, press conference, newspapers, radio and television.

Article 24　People’s governments at all levels should strengthen the work of publicizing government information by relying on government portals, and use a unified government information disclosure platform to release government information that is voluntarily disclosed. The government information disclosure platform should have the functions of information retrieval, consulting and downloading.

Article 25　People’s governments at all levels shall set up government information consulting places in national archives, public libraries and government service places, and provide corresponding facilities and equipment to facilitate citizens, legal persons and other organizations to obtain government information.

The administrative organ may, according to the needs, set up places and facilities such as public consulting rooms, information access points, information bulletin boards and electronic information screens to disclose government information.

The administrative organ shall provide the government information voluntarily disclosed to the National Archives and public libraries in a timely manner.

Article 26　The government information that belongs to the scope of voluntary disclosure shall be from the date when the government information is formed or changed.twentyMake it public in time within working days. Where there are other provisions in laws and regulations on the time limit for the disclosure of government information, such provisions shall prevail.

Chapter IV Disclosure by Application

Article 27　In addition to the government information voluntarily disclosed by administrative organs, citizens, legal persons or other organizations may apply to local people’s governments at all levels and people’s government departments at or above the county level that perform administrative functions in their own names (including the dispatched offices and internal institutions as stipulated in the second paragraph of Article 10 of these Regulations) for obtaining relevant government information.

Article 28　The administrative organ prescribed in Article 27 of these Regulations shall establish and improve the application channels for government information disclosure, and provide convenience for applicants to apply for access to government information according to law.

Article 29　Citizens, legal persons or other organizations that apply for access to government information shall submit their applications to the government information disclosure agencies of administrative organs in written form including letters and data messages; If it is really difficult to use a written form, the applicant may make an oral proposal, and the government information disclosure agency that accepts the application will fill in the application for government information disclosure.

The application for government information disclosure shall include the following contents:

(1) The name, identity certificate and contact information of the applicant;

(two) the name and document number of the government information applied for disclosure or other characteristic descriptions that are convenient for administrative organs to inquire;

(three) the form requirements of the government information to be disclosed, including the ways and means of obtaining the information.

Article 30　If the content of the application for government information disclosure is not clear, the administrative organ shall give guidance and explanation, and from the date of receiving the application.sevenInform the applicant to make corrections at one time within working days, and explain the matters that need to be corrected and the reasonable time limit for correction. The time limit for reply shall be counted from the date when the administrative organ receives the application for correction. If the applicant fails to make corrections within the time limit without justifiable reasons, it shall be deemed as giving up the application, and the administrative organ will no longer handle the application for government information disclosure.

Article 31　The time when an administrative organ receives an application for government information disclosure shall be determined in accordance with the following provisions:

(1) If the applicant submits an application for government information disclosure in person, the date of submission shall be the date of receipt of the application;

(two) if the applicant submits an application for government information disclosure by mail, the date of receipt by the administrative organ shall be the date of receipt of the application; Where an application for disclosure of government information is submitted by mail without receipt, such as ordinary letters, the government information disclosure agency shall confirm with the applicant on the day of receiving the application, and the date of confirmation shall be the day of receiving the application;

(3) If the applicant submits an application for government information disclosure through the Internet channel or the fax of the government information disclosure agency, the date of confirmation by both parties shall be the date of receipt of the application.

Article 32　If the disclosure of government information in accordance with the application will harm the legitimate rights and interests of third parties, the administrative organ shall solicit the opinions of the third parties in writing. The third party shall, from the date of receiving the request for comments,15Put forward opinions within working days. If the third party fails to make comments within the time limit, the administrative organ shall decide whether to make it public in accordance with the provisions of these regulations. If the third party does not agree to the disclosure with reasonable reasons, the administrative organ shall not disclose it. If the administrative organ believes that non-disclosure may have a significant impact on public interests, it may decide to make it public, and inform the third party in writing of the contents and reasons of the government information decided to make it public.

Article 33　If an administrative organ receives an application for government information disclosure and can reply on the spot, it shall reply on the spot.

If the administrative organ cannot reply on the spot, it shall, from the date of receiving the application.twentyGive a reply within working days; If it is necessary to extend the reply period, it shall be agreed by the person in charge of the government information disclosure work institution and inform the applicant, and the longest extension period shall not exceed.twentyWorking days.

The time required for an administrative organ to solicit opinions from third parties and other organs shall not be counted within the time limit specified in the preceding paragraph.

Article 34　Where the government information applied for disclosure is jointly produced by two or more administrative organs, the administrative organ leading the production may solicit the opinions of the relevant administrative organs after receiving the application for government information disclosure, and the organ consulted shall, from the date of receiving the solicitation opinions.15Put forward opinions within working days, and those who fail to put forward opinions within the time limit shall be deemed to agree to the disclosure.

Article 35　The number and frequency of the applicant’s application for disclosure of government information obviously exceed the reasonable range, and the administrative organ may require the applicant to explain the reasons. If the administrative organ considers that the application reason is unreasonable, it shall inform the applicant not to handle it; If the administrative organ considers that the application reason is reasonable, but it is unable to reply to the applicant within the time limit stipulated in Article 33 of these regulations, it may determine a reasonable time limit for delaying the reply and inform the applicant.

Article 36　The administrative organ shall make a reply to the application for government information disclosure according to the following circumstances:

(1) If the information applied for has been voluntarily disclosed, inform the applicant of the ways and means to obtain the government information;

(2) If the information applied for is open, provide the applicant with the government information, or inform the applicant of the way, way and time to obtain the government information;

(three) if the administrative organ decides not to make it public according to the provisions of these regulations, it shall inform the applicant that it will not make it public and explain the reasons;

(4) If there is no public information applied for after retrieval, inform the applicant that the government information does not exist;

(5) Inform the applicant and explain the reasons if the information applied for is not disclosed by the administrative organ; If the administrative organ responsible for disclosing the government information can be determined, inform the applicant of the name and contact information of the administrative organ;

(six) the administrative organ has made a reply to the applicant’s application for the disclosure of government information, and the applicant has repeatedly applied for the disclosure of the same government information, and informed the applicant not to repeat the treatment;

(seven) the information applied for public information belongs to industrial and commercial, real estate registration information and other information, and the relevant laws and administrative regulations have special provisions on the acquisition of information, and inform the applicant to handle it in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws and administrative regulations.

Article 37　If the information applied for disclosure contains contents that should not be disclosed or do not belong to government information, but can be treated differently, the administrative organ shall provide the applicant with the contents of government information that can be disclosed, and explain the reasons for the contents that should not be disclosed.

Article 38　The information provided by the administrative organ to the applicant shall be the government information that has been produced or obtained. Except in accordance with the provisions of article 37 of these regulations, if it is necessary for the administrative organ to process and analyze the existing government information, the administrative organ may not provide it.

Article 39　Where the applicant conducts letters, visits, complaints, reports and other activities in the form of an application for government information disclosure, the administrative organ shall inform the applicant that it will not be treated as an application for government information disclosure and may inform it to be submitted through corresponding channels.

If the contents of the application put forward by the applicant are to require the administrative organ to provide government bulletins, newspapers, books and other public publications, the administrative organ may inform the way to obtain them.

Article 40　When an administrative organ discloses government information according to the application, it shall determine the specific form of providing government information according to the requirements of the applicant and the actual situation of the administrative organ’s preservation of government information; If providing government information in the form required by the applicant may endanger the safety of government information carriers or the cost of publicity is too high, it can be provided through electronic data and other appropriate forms, or the applicant can be arranged to consult and copy relevant government information.

Article 41　If citizens, legal persons or other organizations have evidence to prove that the records of government information related to themselves provided by administrative organs are inaccurate, they may request administrative organs to correct them. If the administrative organ that has the right to correct the audit is true, it shall correct it and inform the applicant; If it does not fall within the scope of the functions of the administrative organ, the administrative organ may transfer it to the administrative organ with the right to correct it and inform the applicant, or inform the applicant to submit it to the administrative organ with the right to correct it.

Article 42　The administrative organ shall provide government information according to the application, and shall not charge fees. However, if the number and frequency of the applicant’s application for disclosure of government information obviously exceed a reasonable range, the administrative organ may charge an information processing fee.

The specific measures for administrative organs to collect information processing fees shall be formulated by the competent price department of the State Council in conjunction with the financial department of the State Council and the competent information disclosure department of the national government.

Article 43　Citizens who apply for the disclosure of government information have reading difficulties or audio-visual difficulties, and the administrative organ shall provide them with necessary help.

Article 44　Multiple applicants apply to the same administrative organ for disclosure of the same government information, and the government information can be disclosed, and the administrative organ can be included in the scope of voluntary disclosure.

For the government information disclosed by the administrative organ according to the application, if the applicant thinks that it involves the adjustment of public interests, needs to be widely known by the public or needs the public to participate in decision-making, he may suggest that the administrative organ bring the information into the scope of voluntary disclosure. If the administrative organ considers that it belongs to the scope of voluntary disclosure after examination, it shall make it public in a timely manner.

Article 45　The administrative organ shall establish and improve the working system of registration, examination, handling, reply and filing of government information disclosure applications, and strengthen the work norms.

Chapter V Supervision and Guarantee

Article 46　People’s governments at all levels shall establish and improve the assessment system, social appraisal system and accountability system for government information disclosure, and regularly assess and appraise the government information disclosure.

Article 47　The competent department of government information disclosure shall strengthen the daily guidance, supervision and inspection of government information disclosure, and urge the administrative organ to make rectification or informed criticism if it fails to carry out government information disclosure as required; If it is necessary to investigate the responsibility of the responsible leaders and the directly responsible personnel, it shall put forward suggestions to the competent authorities according to law.

Citizens, legal persons or other organizations that the administrative organ fails to voluntarily disclose government information as required or fails to respond to the application for government information disclosure according to law may submit it to the competent department of government information disclosure. If the competent department of government information disclosure verifies that it is true, it shall urge rectification or informed criticism.

Article 48　The competent department of government information disclosure shall regularly train the government information disclosure staff of administrative organs.

Article 49　The people’s government departments at or above the county level shall, every yearonemoon31A few days ago, the annual report on the government information disclosure work of the administrative organ in the previous year was submitted to the competent department of government information disclosure work at the same level and announced to the public.

The competent department of government information disclosure of local people’s governments at or above the county level shall, every yearthreemoon31A few days ago, the annual report of the government information disclosure work of the government at the same level in the previous year was announced to the public.

Article 50　The annual report on government information disclosure shall include the following contents:

(a) the situation of the administrative organ’s voluntary disclosure of government information;

(two) the administrative organ receives and processes the application for government information disclosure;

(three) the situation of being applied for administrative reconsideration and bringing an administrative lawsuit because of the government information disclosure work;

(four) the main problems existing in the government information disclosure work and the improvement, and the annual report of the government information disclosure work of the people’s governments at all levels shall also include the results of work assessment, social appraisal and accountability;

(5) Other matters that need to be reported.

The national competent department of government information disclosure shall publish the unified format of the annual report on government information disclosure and update it in a timely manner.

Article 51　Citizens, legal persons or other organizations that administrative organs infringe upon their legitimate rights and interests in the work of government information disclosure may complain and report to the administrative organ at the next higher level or the competent department of government information disclosure, or apply for administrative reconsideration or bring an administrative lawsuit according to law.

Article 52　In violation of the provisions of these regulations, the administrative organ fails to establish and improve the relevant systems and mechanisms for government information disclosure, and the administrative organ at the next higher level shall order it to make corrections; If the circumstances are serious, the responsible leaders and persons directly responsible shall be punished according to law.

Article 53　Administrative organs in violation of the provisions of this Ordinance, one of the following circumstances, the administrative organ at the next higher level shall be ordered to make corrections; If the circumstances are serious, the responsible leaders and persons directly responsible shall be punished according to law; If the case constitutes a crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law:

(a) do not perform the functions of government information disclosure according to law;

(two) do not update the open government information content, government information disclosure guide and government information disclosure catalogue in a timely manner;

(three) other circumstances in violation of the provisions of this Ordinance.

Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions

Article 54　These Regulations shall apply to the activities of organizations authorized by laws and regulations with the function of managing public affairs to disclose government information.

Article 55　Education, health, water supply, power supply, gas supply, heating, environmental protection, public transportation and other public enterprises and institutions closely related to the interests of the people, make public the information produced and obtained in the process of providing social public services, in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations and the provisions of the relevant competent departments or institutions in the State Council. The competent department of information disclosure of the national government may formulate special provisions according to actual needs.

If the public enterprises and institutions specified in the preceding paragraph fail to disclose the information produced and obtained in the process of providing social public services in accordance with the relevant laws, regulations and the provisions of the relevant competent departments or institutions in the State Council, citizens, legal persons or other organizations may appeal to the relevant competent departments or institutions, and the departments or institutions that accept the appeal shall promptly investigate and handle it and inform the complainant of the handling results.

Article 56　This Ordinance since2019yearfivemoon15It will be implemented on the day.

Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, December 29th-the State Council Press Office released a white paper on Export Control in China on December 29th. The full text is as follows:

Export control in China
(December 2021)
People’s Republic of China (PRC)
the State Council Information Office

catalogue

foreword

I. China’s Basic Position on Export Control

(A) adhere to the overall concept of national security

(2) Conscientiously fulfilling international obligations and commitments.

(3) Actively promoting international cooperation and coordination.

(4) Resolutely oppose the abuse of export control measures

II. Constantly improve the legal system and management system of export control.

(1) Establish and improve the legal system of export control.

(B) Building a coordinated and efficient export control management system

III. Continue to modernize the export control system.

(A) optimize the license management

(B) enhance law enforcement capabilities

(3) Promoting compliance construction.

(4) Fulfilling international obligations

Four, actively carry out international exchanges and cooperation in export control.

(a) to carry out bilateral exchanges and cooperation.

(2) Strengthen multilateral dialogue and consultation.

Concluding remarks

foreword

Export control refers to prohibiting or restricting the export of dual-use items, military products, nuclear products and other goods, technologies and services related to safeguarding national security and interests and fulfilling international obligations such as non-proliferation. It is an internationally accepted practice.

Today, the world is experiencing a great change that has never happened in a century. Instability and uncertainty have risen significantly, the international security system and order have been impacted, and world peace is facing multiple challenges and threats. Fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory export control plays an increasingly prominent role in effectively coping with international and regional security risks and challenges under the new situation and safeguarding world peace and development. Countries generally attach great importance to and actively promote export control, and strengthen and standardize export control by establishing and implementing legal systems.

As a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and the largest country in the world in goods trade and manufacturing, China has been constantly improving its export control governance in line with the principles of safeguarding national security and safeguarding world peace and regional security. In the new era, under the guidance of the supreme leader Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era, China adheres to the overall national security concept and more actively integrates into the process of economic globalization. China focuses on building a new open economic system with a higher level and a peaceful China with a higher level, realizing the benign interaction between high-quality development and high-level security, promoting the modernization of the export control system, and achieving new development and achievements in export control governance. China thinks about its responsibility from a global perspective, earnestly fulfills its international obligations, strengthens international exchanges and cooperation, actively participates in international coordination of export control with practical actions, promotes relevant international processes, and joins hands with other countries to build a community of human destiny, thus injecting positive energy into world peace and development.

In order to comprehensively introduce the basic position and policy proposition of China’s export control and enhance the international community’s understanding of China’s export control, this white paper is hereby issued.

I. China’s Basic Position on Export Control

As a responsible big country, China firmly upholds the international system with the United Nations at the core and the international order based on international law, earnestly upholds the authority of international treaties and mechanisms in line with true multilateralism, and actively promotes the development of international export control in the right direction of justice, rationality and non-discrimination.

(A) adhere to the overall concept of national security

In the era of economic globalization, the security of all countries is interrelated and affects each other. China has always adhered to the overall national security concept, coordinated development and security, coordinated opening and security, coordinated traditional security and non-traditional security, coordinated its own security and common security, coordinated the maintenance and shaping of national security, and strived to build an export control system commensurate with China’s international status and compatible with national security and interests. China advocates that all countries should innovate their security concepts and establish a common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable global security concept. In particular, big countries should fulfill their obligations as big countries, show their responsibilities as big countries, promote international common security in the field of export control, and jointly build a universally safe community of human destiny.

(2) Conscientiously fulfilling international obligations and commitments.

Maintaining international peace and fulfilling international obligations such as non-proliferation are China’s solemn commitments. China has actively fulfilled its international obligations, extensively learned from international practices, and made great efforts to strengthen and improve its export control system. China resolutely opposes the proliferation of all forms of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery, and has formed an export control system under the guidance of the Export Control Law, covering dual-use items, military products, nuclear products and other goods, technologies and services related to safeguarding national security and interests and fulfilling international obligations such as non-proliferation.

(3) Actively promoting international cooperation and coordination.

In today’s world, countries are increasingly becoming a community of destiny. The more we face global challenges, the more we need to cooperate to deal with them. China advocates that differences and disputes should be properly resolved through international coordination and cooperation and multilateral mechanisms, so that all countries can become partners of mutual trust and equal cooperation. At present, the reform of the global governance system is at a turning point in history. China advocates that the international coordination of export control should effectively increase the representation of emerging market countries and developing countries, better realize the equality of rights, opportunities and rules in international cooperation, reflect the wishes and interests of most countries in a more balanced way, and jointly create an international environment of peace, stability, equality, mutual trust and win-win cooperation.

(4) Resolutely oppose the abuse of export control measures

No country or region should abuse export control measures, unreasonably impose discriminatory restrictive measures, implement double standards on non-proliferation, or even push multilateral mechanisms related to export control towards discrimination and exclusivity. The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction (hereinafter referred to as the Biological Weapons Convention) and the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction (hereinafter referred to as the Chemical Weapons Convention), as well as a series of resolutions of the General Assembly and the United Nations Security Council, all stipulate that all countries can fully enjoy peaceful uses without discrimination. China maintains that export control should abide by the principles of fairness, reasonableness and non-discrimination, and should not harm the legitimate rights and interests of other countries in the peaceful use of export-controlled items, and should not set obstacles to the peaceful use of scientific and technological progress to promote development, normal international scientific and technological exchanges and economic and trade cooperation, and the safe and smooth operation of the global industrial chain supply chain. China called on all countries to effectively control the risks and threats related to export control and create a safe environment conducive to economic and social development, while actively promoting the inclusive sharing of scientific and technological development and constantly enhancing the well-being of all mankind.

II. Constantly improve the legal system and management system of export control.

China adheres to the basic strategy of governing the country according to law in an all-round way, not only based on China’s national conditions, but also drawing lessons from foreign beneficial experience, constantly improving the legal system of export control, perfecting the management system of export control, and providing the rule of law and institutional guarantee for export control.

(1) Establish and improve the legal system of export control.

Since the reform and opening up, the internal and external environment of China’s economic development has undergone profound changes, the socialist market economic system has been continuously improved, and the level of legalization of export control has been continuously improved. Since the 1990s, China has successively promulgated six administrative regulations, including Regulations on the Management of Controlled Chemicals, Regulations on Nuclear Export Control, Regulations on the Export of Military Products, Regulations on the Export Control of Dual-use Nuclear Goods and Related Technologies, Regulations on the Export Control of Missiles and Related Items and Technologies, and Regulations on the Export Control of Dual-use Biological Goods and Related Equipment and Technologies. The Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the General Administration of Customs, the State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, the State Atomic Energy Agency, the Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission and other relevant departments have issued dozens of departmental regulations and related normative documents to refine the provisions on export control matters, including specific provisions on specific items, specific provisions on license management and law enforcement supervision, and relevant documents for implementing relevant UN Security Council resolutions.

In October 2020, China promulgated the Export Control Law, which clearly defined the export control system, control measures and international cooperation, and established the basic institutional framework and rules for export control policies, control lists, temporary controls, control lists, supervision and management. On the basis of summing up the practical experience of China’s export control, the Export Control Law is a law to guide China’s export control work according to the changes of the situation and drawing lessons from international common practices. It makes comprehensive arrangements for China’s export control system and ensures the full coverage of controlled items, applicable subjects and control links. Since the promulgation of the Export Control Law, in order to ensure the effective implementation of various systems, the state export control administrative department has actively carried out the work of "changing the relevant supporting regulations and departmental rules" to ensure the efficient connection between various fields of the export control legal system. In addition to the Export Control Law, laws such as the Foreign Trade Law, the National Security Law, the Data Security Law, the Nuclear Security Law, the Customs Law, the Administrative Licensing Law, the Administrative Punishment Law and the Criminal Law also provide a strong legal basis for the implementation of export control measures and other related work. At present, China has basically formed an export control legal system which is connected with laws, administrative regulations and departmental rules, with distinct levels and coordinated structure, laying a solid legal foundation for building a modern export control system with China characteristics.

(B) Building a coordinated and efficient export control management system

Export control involves many departments in the State Council and the Central Military Commission (CMC). The state has established and improved the working mechanism of export control and defined the division of labor among various departments, which has provided a solid institutional guarantee for export control.

Management system for export control of dual-use items. The export of nuclear dual-use items shall be managed by the Ministry of Commerce in conjunction with the National Atomic Energy Agency. The export of biological dual-use items shall be managed by the Ministry of Commerce in conjunction with the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the State Health and Wellness Commission and other departments as required. The export of chemical dual-use items shall be managed by the Ministry of Commerce. The export of missile dual-use items shall be managed by the Ministry of Commerce in conjunction with the State Bureau of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense and the Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission as required. The export of commercial passwords shall be managed by the Ministry of Commerce in conjunction with the State Cryptography Administration. The Cryptography Law stipulates that the export control list of commercial passwords shall be formulated and published by the Ministry of Commerce in conjunction with the State Cryptography Administration and the General Administration of Customs. To monitor the export of chemicals, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Ministry of Commerce shall manage the qualification of export operators, and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology shall be responsible for the specific export review.

Military export control management system. Military exports are managed by the State Bureau of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense and the Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission according to the division of labor. The main management contents include examining and approving military export franchise qualifications, military export projects, military export contracts, issuing military export licenses, formulating relevant business management measures, supervising and managing military export activities, and punishing illegal acts in military export control.

Nuclear export control management system. Nuclear export shall be managed by the State Atomic Energy Agency and the Ministry of Commerce in conjunction with other departments. The nuclear export is exclusively operated by the unit designated by the State Council, and the three principles of nuclear export guarantee for peaceful purposes only, acceptance of IAEA safeguards, and no transfer to a third country without the permission of the China government are resolutely implemented. The administrative department implements a strict examination system for nuclear exports and takes severe punishment measures for illegal acts.

The General Administration of Customs cooperates closely with relevant administrative departments to supervise the export of controlled items according to law, participate in the investigation and handling of relevant illegal export cases, and carry out risk prevention and control, supervision and law enforcement and other related work.

III. Continue to modernize the export control system.

China strictly enforces various laws and regulations on export control, translates its solemn promises into practical actions, and gradually realizes full coverage, full chain and all-round effective supervision based on the system and supported by technology, and builds a modern export control system with scientific design, orderly operation and strong implementation.

(A) optimize the license management

China’s export control widely adopts internationally accepted systems such as license management, end-user and end-use certificate, and general license. China has established an inter-departmental licensing consultation system and a two-level management model, continuously improved the licensing process, continuously enriched the types of licensing management, continuously improved the level of licensing management, effectively promoted the compliance trade of export-controlled items, and optimized the business environment under high-level opening up.

Establish a licensing consultation system to ensure rigorous and accurate review. In the examination of export license for dual-use items, an export control license consultation system involving the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the State Bureau of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, the National Atomic Energy Agency and the Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission was established. Each department has its own duties, division of labor and close cooperation, and examines export applications from the aspects of national security and interests, international obligations, end users and end uses, so as to ensure that relevant exports comply with laws and relevant policies and regulations.

Implement a two-level management model to facilitate licensing applications. China has a vast territory, and enterprises applying for export licenses come from all over the country. China gives overall consideration to the relationship between control and promotion, safeguards and promotes compliant trade, implements a two-level management model in licensing management, and entrusts the relevant departments of the provincial people’s government to provide public services on export control to export operators and assist them in forwarding export applications. The approval result of license examination is transmitted to the export operators and China Customs in the form of online data. In order to improve the level of trade facilitation, since July 2021, the Ministry of Commerce has implemented paperless management of export licenses for dual-use items, realizing the electronic process of business application, business review, license issuance and customs clearance of goods, and shortening the time for obtaining licenses by 5 to 7 days.

Improve licensing management measures and improve the level of precise management. Focus on improving the end-user and end-use certification system and promote multi-level management. Under normal circumstances, export operators are required to provide end-use certificates issued by end users; For export applications with potential risks, it is required to provide end-user and end-use certification documents certified by the government agencies of the countries and regions where the end-users are located and the embassies and consulates of China in relevant countries, or require the government agencies of the countries and regions where the end-users are located to issue end-user and end-use certification documents. China implements general licensing measures to enrich the types of license management. Export operators who have established an internal compliance system for export control and are in good operation can be granted a general license, allowing them to export to multiple countries and regions or multiple end users for multiple times within the validity period. The multi-measures licensing management measures have improved the pertinence and effectiveness of licensing management.

Establish an expert support team to support scientific and efficient management. China attaches great importance to the construction of experts, and clearly establishes and improves the export control expert consultation mechanism in the form of legal provisions. Relevant departments organize experts in the fields of dual-use items, military products and nuclear, and establish a support team of export control experts to assist in making scientific and accurate judgments. Over the years, the team of experts has provided strong support for inventory formulation, license management, supervision and law enforcement, and business consulting. With the increasing demand for specialization in export control, China will continue to increase the input of experts, build a professional team with all fields and fine business, and provide more professional and efficient support for export control in the new era.

(B) enhance law enforcement capabilities

China has continuously improved its export control law enforcement mechanism, expanded its law enforcement methods, enhanced its law enforcement capabilities, gradually improved its authoritative and efficient export control law enforcement system, effectively cracked down on illegal export control activities, and ensured the complete, accurate and strict implementation of export control laws and regulations.

Improve the organization and build a coordinated and powerful law enforcement mechanism. Strengthen the construction of specialized export control institutions of the Ministry of Commerce. In 2014, the Ministry of Commerce set up a full-time export control law enforcement team to be responsible for the construction of export control law enforcement system and case investigation. The Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the General Administration of Customs and other departments have strengthened horizontal cooperation in law enforcement, and have cooperated vertically with relevant departments of provincial people’s governments in law enforcement. The horizontal and vertical law enforcement cooperation system of various departments and localities has formed a strict law enforcement grid, which provides a strong organizational mechanism guarantee for China’s export control law enforcement, and better solves the problems of China’s export control law enforcement, such as wide territory, wide field and difficult investigation.

Broaden the means and measures to enhance the deterrence of law enforcement supervision. Constantly improve the ability of export control law enforcement, in addition to authorizing law enforcement departments to conduct on-the-spot inspections, inquiries and investigations, access to information and other basic law enforcement means, it also gives law enforcement departments a variety of means such as sealing up and detaining items involved and inquiring bank accounts. For illegal export operators, law enforcement departments can include their illegal situations in the credit records according to law, effectively enhancing the deterrence of law enforcement. China’s export control law enforcement covers all aspects of export. It not only strictly supervises the export links, but also controls the participation of intermediary services in illegal export, and prohibits relevant institutions and individuals from providing intermediary services such as agency, freight forwarding, customs declaration, third-party e-commerce trading platform and finance for illegal export control activities. China pays attention to the implementation of non-mandatory law enforcement means such as supervision talks and administrative guidance, and implements measures such as prevention, guidance and supervision to ensure the effectiveness of law enforcement.

Promote the use of law enforcement equipment and information technology, and effectively strengthen support capabilities. China increased investment in export control law enforcement equipment and facilities, and China Customs was equipped with specialized equipment for testing radioactive, biological and chemical items, which significantly improved the efficiency of identifying, inspecting and disposing export control items and effectively helped law enforcement personnel to detect illegal exports. China actively improves the application of law enforcement information, and strengthens the exchange and cooperation of information about illegal export activities among law enforcement and management agencies. China attaches great importance to the statistical analysis of information data of illegal export control cases, realizes the comprehensive application function of basic information such as enterprises involved and cases, and improves the information support. Export control law enforcement agencies regularly conduct comprehensive policies and regulations, item identification and law enforcement skills training for law enforcement officials to enhance law enforcement capabilities.

(3) Promoting compliance construction.

China attaches great importance to the construction of export control compliance, adheres to the principle of "government guidance, enterprise-oriented, multi-party linkage", lays a solid legal foundation, improves the policy framework, conducts publicity and training, and promotes the construction of export control compliance to achieve positive results.

Strengthen the guarantee of the rule of law. Pay attention to consolidating the rule of law foundation of compliance construction. The Export Control Law clearly states that China government departments will issue export control guidelines for relevant industries in a timely manner to guide export operators to establish and improve the internal compliance system of export control to standardize their operations. Make clear the incentive measures, and give convenience measures such as general license to export operators who have established an internal compliance system for export control and are in good operation. In the form of law, China provides legal protection for the government to effectively guide the export control compliance construction, and provides legal basis for enterprises to establish and improve the internal compliance system.

Strengthen policy guidelines. In 2007, the Ministry of Commerce issued the first guidance on the establishment of internal export control mechanism for enterprises engaged in dual-use items and technologies. In 2021, the Ministry of Commerce revised and issued the Guiding Opinions of the Ministry of Commerce on Establishing an Internal Compliance Mechanism for Export Control of Dual-use Items, which expanded the compliance elements to nine, including formulating a policy statement, establishing an organization, conducting a comprehensive risk assessment, establishing a review procedure, formulating emergency measures, conducting education and training, improving compliance auditing, keeping data files and compiling a management manual. The Internal Compliance Guide for Export Control of Dual-Use Items was added to provide more detailed guidance and scenario reference. In the nuclear field, China has issued documents such as guidelines for the construction of nuclear import and export compliance management mechanism.

Strengthen public services. Attach great importance to the publicity and training of export control compliance, continuously increase publicity efforts, and improve the compliance level of the whole society. Governments at all levels go deep into enterprise research and discussion, carry out training in key areas, consolidate the awareness of export control compliance, and cultivate an export control compliance culture. In recent years, more than 20 training and discussion exchanges in various forms have been held annually, with about 30,000 participants. In 2021, the Ministry of Commerce launched the construction of an export control information service platform, and strengthened its guidance and services. Actively guide business associations, intermediaries, expert think tanks and other social resources to carry out export control compliance research, provide consulting services, and jointly participate in export control compliance construction.

(4) Fulfilling international obligations

China has always advocated the complete prohibition and thorough destruction of weapons of mass destruction such as nuclear weapons, biological weapons and chemical weapons, resolutely opposed the proliferation of such weapons and their means of delivery, and did not support, encourage or help any country to develop weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery. China is committed to regulating the trade in conventional weapons, cracking down on illegal arms trafficking and alleviating the humanitarian problems caused by the abuse of conventional weapons. China firmly upholds the authority and validity of relevant international treaties, strictly fulfills its international obligations and safeguards international and regional peace and stability.

In the nuclear field, China joined the International Atomic Energy Agency in 1984, and signed the Agreement between People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency on the Application of Safeguards in China in 1988, and voluntarily placed its civil nuclear facilities under IAEA safeguards. In 1992, China acceded to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. China actively participated in the negotiations on the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty in the Geneva Conference on Disarmament, and made an important contribution to the conclusion of the Treaty, which was first signed in 1996. In October 1997, China joined the Zangger Committee. In 1998, China signed an additional protocol on strengthening the safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency, and formally completed the domestic legal procedures for the entry into force of the additional protocol in early 2002, becoming the first nuclear-weapon state to complete the above procedures. In June 2004, China joined the Nuclear Suppliers Group, actively participated in the related affairs of the Group and fulfilled its rights and obligations.

In the biological field, China joined the Biological Weapons Convention in 1984 and has always strictly fulfilled its obligations under the Convention. China has always submitted the declaration materials on the implementation of confidence-building measures on time, deeply participated in the convention review process, actively put forward multilateral initiatives in the fields of regulating biological scientific research activities, global allocation of biotechnology and resources, actively provided public products to the international community in the fields of strengthening the safety of biological laboratories, continuously strengthened the export control of dual-use biological products and related equipment and technologies, and revised the control list in time. China advocates promoting the positive results of the review process of the Convention, especially the negotiation and formulation of a legally binding verification protocol, so as to comprehensively enhance the effectiveness of the Convention.

In the chemical field, China has made positive contributions to the conclusion of the Chemical Weapons Convention. In January 1993, China signed the Convention. In April 1997, China submitted its instrument of ratification and became an original party to the Convention. China firmly supports the aims and objectives of the Convention and urges all parties to strictly fulfill their obligations and implement the provisions of the Convention in a balanced and effective manner. Since the entry into force of the Convention, China has promulgated domestic implementation legislation, set up specialized implementation agencies, submitted various annual announcements on time and completely, and strictly accepted relevant inspections by the OPCW. In 2020, China completed the domestic legislative procedures for adding Schedule 1 chemicals to the 24th Conference of States Parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention within the time limit stipulated in the Convention.

In the field of missiles, China supports the efforts made by the international community to prevent the proliferation of missiles and related items and technologies, and has a positive and open attitude towards international suggestions on strengthening the missile non-proliferation mechanism. Drawing on the export control practices of many countries, China promulgated and implemented the Regulations on Export Control of Missiles and Related Items and Technologies, which provided a legal basis for the export of items and technologies in China’s missile field. China has also actively participated in relevant international exchanges and cooperation and made joint efforts to prevent ballistic missile proliferation.

In the field of military products, China actively participated in the negotiation of the Arms Trade Treaty and made important contributions to its conclusion. In September 2019, China announced the initiation of domestic legal procedures related to its accession to the Arms Trade Treaty. In July 2020, China formally joined the Arms Trade Treaty. As a State party to the Treaty, China firmly supports the aims and objectives of the Treaty, fully fulfills its obligations under the Treaty, and is willing to work with other States parties to standardize the conventional arms trade, promote the universality and effectiveness of the Treaty, and improve the global governance of the arms trade.

Four, actively carry out international exchanges and cooperation in export control.

China has always attached importance to and actively carried out international exchanges and cooperation in export control, promoted mutual trust, dispelling doubts, learning from each other, promoted international coordination of export control, promoted compliance trade of export control items, and made China contributions to enhancing the fairness and openness of international export control.

(a) to carry out bilateral exchanges and cooperation.

On the basis of mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit, China actively conducts bilateral exchanges and cooperation on export control, enhances mutual trust through dialogue and consultation, embodies China’s open and cooperative attitude, and promotes mutual benefit and win-win bilateral cooperation.

Actively promote the compliance trade of export controlled items. China has established intergovernmental mechanisms with many countries and regions, and conducted intergovernmental consultations, seminars, dialogues with enterprises and other activities to exchange experiences and practices. Maintain dialogue with relevant national export control authorities and strengthen exchanges and cooperation in the field of export control. China signed bilateral agreements with Russian and other countries, and issued End User and End Use Notes to promote mutual trust and cooperation.

In-depth bilateral export control and non-proliferation exchanges and cooperation. China and the United States have held several seminars on the identification of export controlled items to enhance technical exchanges in law enforcement. In the nuclear field, China has maintained consultations and exchanges with the United States, Russia, Britain, France, Germany and European Union institutions, and jointly cracked down on illegal activities through information exchange and law enforcement cooperation according to law. In the field of MCCs, China conducts bilateral exchanges and cooperation with other States parties under the framework of the Chemical Weapons Convention, and goes to Germany, Spain, South Korea, Japan and other countries to carry out end-user and end-use verification. China has established consultation mechanisms on strategic security, arms control and non-proliferation with more than 10 countries at the deputy ministerial level and the bureau level, and shared experiences and practices in the field of non-proliferation, which has played an important role in enhancing mutual understanding and cooperation.

In addition to intergovernmental cooperation, China actively supports non-governmental exchanges and cooperation in export control. The Institute of International Trade and Economic Cooperation of the Ministry of Commerce, China Arms Control and Disarmament Association, China Institute of Contemporary International Relations, China Nuclear Energy Industry Association and other institutions actively carry out non-governmental exchanges, academic research and non-governmental international exchanges with research institutions of relevant countries, and deepen understanding and enhance friendship by jointly holding seminars, forums and field visits.

(2) Strengthen multilateral dialogue and consultation.

China attaches importance to maintaining communication and consultation on global issues and unexpected events through the United Nations and multilateral mechanisms in the field of export control, so as to promote world peace and regional security.

China maintains that the United Nations, as the most universal international organization, should play a central role, balance the relationship between non-proliferation and peaceful use, and safeguard the legitimate rights of developing countries in peaceful use of scientific and technological progress. In December 2021, at the initiative of China, the 76th UN General Assembly adopted the resolution "Promoting international cooperation in the peaceful use of science and technology in the field of international security", stressing the importance of peaceful use of science and technology and related international cooperation to economic and social development, and urging countries to remove unreasonable restrictions on the peaceful use of science and technology for developing countries while fulfilling their international obligations of non-proliferation. The adoption of this resolution marks the beginning of an open, inclusive and fair dialogue process under the framework of the General Assembly, which is of great significance to safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of all countries in the peaceful use of science and technology, promoting the universal sharing of scientific and technological progress achievements, and responding to the security challenges brought about by scientific and technological development. It is also helpful to promote the more comprehensive and balanced implementation of international treaties such as the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Biological Weapons Convention, and to strengthen cooperation with other member States of existing non-proliferation and export control mechanisms. China will continue to work with all parties to advance the dialogue process under the framework of the General Assembly.

In April 2004, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted resolution 1540, demanding that all countries strengthen domestic management and export control of weapons of mass destruction and related materials and technologies, and prevent and combat non-state entities from acquiring the above items. This resolution is the first special non-proliferation resolution of the Security Council, which is conducive to promoting and strengthening international cooperation on the basis of international law. China actively supports and participates in the non-proliferation work under the UN framework such as the Security Council 1540 Committee, and actively promotes the comprehensive review process of Security Council resolution 1540. In order to promote the implementation of the resolution in Asia, China and the 1540 Committee of the Security Council held three "Training Courses for National Contact Points of Non-proliferation in the Asia-Pacific Region" in Qingdao, Xi ‘an and Xiamen, China in 2015, 2017 and 2019 respectively.

In 2004, China joined the Nuclear Suppliers Group. China strictly fulfills its obligations as a member, actively participates in "Group" policy consultation, list making and information exchange, and strengthens export control cooperation with other members. China has made corresponding amendments to the Regulations on Nuclear Export Control and the Regulations on Export Control of Dual-use Nuclear Goods and Related Technologies in accordance with the "Group" guidelines, making the acceptance of comprehensive safeguards by importing countries a condition for nuclear export, and keeping pace with the "Group" control list, and regularly revising the export control list.

In 2004, China formally applied to join the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) and maintained communication with it. Five rounds of dialogue sessions were held to exchange and consult on the export control regime, control list, law enforcement and China’s accession in the missile field. China drew lessons from the "system" guidelines and technical annexes when formulating the regulations and lists of missile export control.

China maintained communication and exchanges with Wassenaar Arrangement, and the two sides held five rounds of dialogue sessions to exchange in-depth views on export control principles, lists and "best practices" of conventional weapons and related dual-use items and technologies.

China maintained contact and exchanges with the Australia Group, and the two sides held six rounds of consultations to exchange views on the non-proliferation situation in the biological and chemical fields, the implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Biological Weapons Convention, and the operation of the Australia Group.

China is willing to work with the international community to promote the fairness and openness of multilateral mechanisms related to export control, increase the representativeness and diversity of its members, adhere to the road of unity and cooperation, resist discriminatory practices, work together to deal with various global problems and jointly create a better future for mankind.

Concluding remarks

At present, the international structure has undergone profound changes, and international export control faces many challenges. It is a long way to go to build a world of lasting peace, universal security, common prosperity, openness, tolerance, cleanliness and beauty. Strengthening international cooperation and seeking common security and development require long-term unremitting joint efforts of all countries.

China will adhere to the overall national security concept, constantly promote the export control system and capacity building, strengthen management, strictly enforce the law, promote compliance construction, and effectively respond to the risks and challenges faced under the new situation. China will assume the responsibility of a big country, fulfill its international obligations and commitments, conduct export control exchanges and cooperation, and work with other countries to promote the healthy development of international export control governance and make positive contributions to building a community of human destiny.