Environmental protection status

　　　　First, the development of environmental protection in China

　　　　Since the 1970s, China’s environmental protection has made new progress, and experienced a process from scratch, from small to large, from constant exploration to gradual development, which can be roughly divided into three stages.

　　　　The first stage (1973-1993): point source control and system construction.

　　　　At this stage, by continuously strengthening the system construction and carrying out pollution control in key areas, China’s environmental protection has gradually embarked on the legal track.

　　　　In August 1973, the first national environmental protection conference was held in Beijing. In December, 1978, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China approved the Essentials of Environmental Protection Report adopted at the fourth meeting of the State Council Environmental Protection Leading Group. In September, 1979, "People’s Republic of China (PRC) Environmental Protection Law (Trial)" was promulgated, which legally required all departments and governments at all levels to consider environmental protection as a whole when formulating national economic and social development plans for the first time, providing legal guarantee for the coordinated development of environment and economy and society. People’s Republic of China (PRC) Water Pollution Prevention Law (May, 1984), People’s Republic of China (PRC) Air Pollution Prevention Law (September, 1987), People’s Republic of China (PRC) Grassland Law (June, 1985), People’s Republic of China (PRC) Water Law (January, 1988) and other individual laws and regulations on environmental protection have been formulated and promulgated one after another. In December, 1989, People’s Republic of China (PRC) Environmental Protection Law was formally promulgated and implemented. Since then, environmental protection law has become an important guarantee for China’s environmental protection and an important part of China’s socialist legal system. In 1990, the State Council issued the Decision on Further Strengthening Environmental Protection, emphasizing strict enforcement of environmental protection laws and regulations, taking effective measures to prevent and control industrial pollution according to law, and fully implementing eight environmental management systems, including the environmental protection target responsibility system, the quantitative assessment system for comprehensive improvement of urban environment, the pollutant discharge permit system, centralized pollution control, deadline treatment, environmental impact assessment system, the "three simultaneities" system and the sewage charge system.And put the implementation of environmental protection target responsibility system in a prominent position.

　　　　At this stage, China has made remarkable progress in the field of international cooperation in environmental protection. In 1984, the State Council Environmental Protection Committee was established, and the participation of environmental protection in international cooperation was further strengthened. China has signed environmental cooperation agreements with more than 30 countries, signed 15 agreements on nuclear safety and radiation environment cooperation, and participated in regional environmental cooperation meetings and actions such as Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Asia-Europe Meeting and Northeast Asia environmental cooperation. In 1992, China International Cooperation Committee on Environment and Development was established, which further expanded the depth and breadth of environmental protection’s participation in international cooperation. CCISUA has become an international cooperation platform that uses international intellectual resources to serve our government’s scientific decision-making, and has promoted the "two-way sharing" of China’s environmental protection experience with other governments and international organizations. In June 1992, Premier Li Peng of the State Council was invited to attend the summit of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development and delivered an important speech. In August of the same year, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council approved "Ten Countermeasures for Environment and Development in China" and issued "China Agenda for the 21st Century-China White Paper on Population, Resources and Development in the 21st Century". In March, 1993, the National People’s Congress Environment and Resources Protection Committee was established and put forward the "China Environment and Resources Protection Legal System Framework", and China’s environmental resources legislation entered a new stage.

　　　　With the rapid economic development, China’s environmental protection system, institutions and measures have been continuously developed and improved. The theoretical system of environmental protection with environmental protection as the core, the environmental protection system with the sewage charging system, the "three simultaneities" system and the environmental impact assessment system as the main body, and the legal system based on the Environmental Protection Law have been established one after another, laying the foundation for the next stage of large-scale environmental governance.

　　　　The second stage (1994-2004): river basin improvement and strengthening law enforcement.

　　　　In the early 1990s, China entered the first round of heavy chemical industry era, the process of urbanization accelerated, urban life-style pollution intensified, and the structural, compound and compressed characteristics of environmental pollution began to take shape. With the extensive and rapid development of economy, industrial pollution and ecological destruction are generally intensifying, and the problem of agricultural non-point source pollution is prominent. In some areas, environmental pollution and ecological destruction have restricted the sustainable development of economy and society and even posed a threat to public health.

　　　　This stage is an important period to strengthen law enforcement, comprehensively control pollution and protect ecology. On the basis of the formal preparation of the annual national environmental protection work plan in 1992, the five-year national environmental protection plan was formally prepared from the ninth five-year plan period, and the environmental protection plan was incorporated into the overall national economic and social development plan. Environmental protection has expanded from pure industrial pollution control to domestic pollution control, ecological protection, rural environmental protection, nuclear safety supervision, emergency response to sudden environmental incidents and other important fields, and gradually participated in the comprehensive decision-making of national economic and social development. In April, 1998, the State Environmental Protection Agency, which is directly affiliated to the State Council, was upgraded to the State Environmental Protection Administration. In June of the same year, the National Nuclear Safety Administration was merged into the State Environmental Protection Administration, and the internal organization was the Nuclear Safety and Radiation Environment Management Department (National Nuclear Safety Administration). Nuclear and radiation safety supervision became an important function of the environmental protection department. In order to better coordinate relevant departments to jointly promote environmental protection, the State Environmental Protection Administration took the lead in establishing relevant inter-ministerial joint conference systems. In March 2001, the first meeting of the national inter-ministerial joint conference on eco-environment construction was held. In July, the State Environmental Protection Administration established a national inter-ministerial joint conference system for environmental protection. In August, 2003, with the approval of the State Council, the State Environmental Protection Administration formally established the inter-ministerial joint conference system for the protection of biological species resources.

　　　　At this stage, the state put forward the general idea of focusing on key river basin areas in pollution prevention and control, taking key areas as a whole and promoting the national environmental protection work. In June, 1994, the State Environmental Protection Bureau, the Ministry of Water Resources and the four provinces of Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shandong along the Huaihe River jointly promulgated the first rules and regulations for the prevention of water pollution in major rivers in China-Decision on Preventing Sudden Pollution Accidents in the Huaihe River Basin (Trial). In August, 1995, the State Council promulgated the first watershed regulation in China’s history-the Provisional Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution in Huaihe River Basin, which defined the prevention and control objectives of water pollution in Huaihe River Basin. Driven by relevant laws and regulations, in 1996 alone, more than 4,000 "fifteen small" enterprises were closed in the Huaihe River basin. China’s Cross-century Green Project Plan, which was implemented in 1996, implements comprehensive treatment of watershed water pollution and regional air pollution by stages according to the basic principles of highlighting key points, technical and economic feasibility and giving full play to comprehensive benefits. By 2010, a total of 1,591 projects have been implemented with an investment of 188 billion yuan. The key areas for national pollution prevention and control during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period have been determined successively, namely, "Three Rivers" (Huaihe River, Liaohe River and Haihe River), "Three Lakes" (Taihu Lake, Dianchi Lake and Chaohu Lake), "Two Control Zones" (Sulfur Dioxide Control Zone and Acid Rain Control Zone), "One City" (Beijing) and "One Sea" (Bohai Sea), so as to concentrate on the key areas. At the same time, a new idea of environmental protection work of "one control and two standards" is put forward, that is, to control the total amount of pollutant discharge,The discharge of pollutants from industrial pollution sources should meet the national or local standards; The environmental quality of ambient air and surface water in municipalities directly under the central government, provincial capital cities, special economic zones, coastal open cities and key tourist cities respectively meet the relevant standards stipulated by the state according to functional divisions.

　　　　In the 1990s, China’s pollution control changed from focusing on end treatment to focusing on pollution source treatment, and cleaner production and circular economy developed rapidly. In 1997, the State Environmental Protection Bureau issued "Several Opinions on Promoting Cleaner Production", requiring local environmental protection departments to incorporate cleaner production into existing environmental management policies. In June, 2002, the 28th meeting of the 9th the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) passed the Cleaner Production Promotion Law. In addition, through the comprehensive use of environmental protection planning, the implementation of ISO 14000 environmental management system certification, strengthening environmental impact assessment, and gradually establishing an extended producer responsibility system, the whole process control of environmental management has been continuously improved and strengthened.

　　　　In November 1998, the State Council issued the National Ecological Environment Construction Plan and started a series of major ecological protection projects. In 1999, the pilot project of returning farmland to forest and grassland was carried out, and priority was given to returning farmland to forest in areas with ecological sensitivity and important ecological security status. In 2000, the national investment of 100 billion yuan in natural forest protection project was launched in an all-round way, focusing on the protection of natural forest resources in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River and the northeast. In December 2000, the General Office of the State Council issued the National Outline of Ecological Environment Protection. In March, 2002, the State Council approved the Tenth Five-Year Plan of National Ecological Environment Protection. In May, 2003, the State Environmental Protection Administration issued "Indicators for the Construction of Eco-counties, Eco-cities and Eco-provinces (for Trial Implementation)" to further deepen the construction of eco-demonstration areas.

　　　　At the beginning of the 21st century, water pollution in some river basins in China spread from local river sections to the whole basin, and major pollution incidents broke out intensively. Strengthening the prevention of sudden environmental incidents has become an important part of environmental protection at this stage. In March 2002, the State Environmental Protection Administration began to set up an environmental emergency and accident investigation center. In the face of increasing environmental emergencies, the state has formulated and improved a series of emergency plans related to water environment, atmospheric environment, hazardous chemicals (waste chemicals) and nuclear and radiation emergency plans in sensitive waters of key river basins. In 2005, the Chinese government formulated the "National Emergency Plan for Environmental Emergencies", which put forward clear requirements for information reception, reporting, processing, statistical analysis, early warning information monitoring and information release of environmental emergencies.

　　　　At the same time, China’s investment in environmental protection has increased rapidly, and the proportion of environmental protection investment in GDP has been increasing. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, China’s investment in environmental protection was 2.7 times that of the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, reaching 351.64 billion yuan. In 1999, the proportion of environmental protection investment in GDP exceeded 1.0% for the first time. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, environmental protection investment accounted for 1.19% of GDP in the same period. The growth of environmental protection investment has accelerated the construction of urban environmental infrastructure and improved the treatment rate of urban sewage and garbage. With the increasing attention of governments at all levels to pollution prevention and control work and the increasing investment in environmental protection, pollution prevention and control work has gradually shifted from the industrial field to cities, and the comprehensive improvement of urban environment has made positive progress.

　　　　The third stage (2005-present): full prevention and control, and optimized growth.

　　　　Since 2005, China has entered a period of high incidence of environmental pollution accidents, and environmental incidents have shown a trend of high frequency, wide geographical area, great influence and wide coverage. The problem of environmental pollution damaging human health has become increasingly prominent, and the group incidents caused by environmental problems have shown an accelerated upward trend. From 2005 to 2009, a series of major pollution incidents occurred successively, such as serious water pollution in Songhua River in Jilin, cadmium pollution in Beijiang River in Guangdong, cyanobacteria outbreak in Taihu Lake in Wuxi, Jiangsu, and arsenic pollution in Yangzonghai, Yunnan, which had a serious impact on regional economic and social development and public life, and environmental problems increasingly became major social problems.

　　　　In December 2005, the State Council issued the Decision on Strengthening Environmental Protection in Scientific Outlook on Development, which established the environmental protection purpose of putting people first and protecting the environment for the people, and became a programmatic document guiding the coordinated development of China’s economy, society and environment. The 11th Five-Year Plan outlines the strategic tasks and specific measures for building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society in view of the increasing pressure on resources and environment in China. In April, 2006, the 6th National Environmental Protection Conference was held in the State Council, and the strategic idea of "three changes" was put forward, which was "from attaching importance to economic growth and neglecting environmental protection to paying equal attention to environmental protection and economic growth, from environmental protection lagging behind economic development to simultaneous promotion of environmental protection and economic development, and from mainly using administrative measures to comprehensively using laws, economy, technology and necessary administrative measures to solve environmental problems". Since then, China’s environmental protection has entered a new stage of optimizing economic development by protecting the environment. In October 2007, the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China made the first ecological civilization construction a strategic task and the new goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way clear. In 2009, the study of China’s environmental macro-strategy put forward an important theoretical and practical proposition of actively exploring a new road of environmental protection in China. In 2011, the State Council held the seventh national conference on environmental protection, and issued the Opinions on Strengthening the Key Work of Environmental Protection and the Twelfth Five-Year Plan of National Environmental Protection, which laid a solid foundation for promoting the scientific development of environmental protection.

　　　　Two, "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, China’s environmental protection has made remarkable achievements.

　　　　(1) The task of pollution reduction was overfulfilled.

　　　　Energy conservation, emission reduction and environmental protection have become a highlight in the implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development. The State Council set up a leading group to deal with climate change and energy conservation and emission reduction, and issued the Comprehensive Work Plan for Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction. Local governments at all levels and relevant departments decompose and implement emission reduction tasks at different levels, strengthen responsibility assessment, and intensify structural emission reduction, project emission reduction, and management of emission reduction. In 2010, the total chemical oxygen demand and sulfur dioxide emissions in China decreased by 12.45% and 14.29% respectively compared with 2005, exceeding the emission reduction task. During the 11th Five-Year Plan period, the central government’s investment in environmental protection reached 156.6 billion yuan, nearly three times that of the 10th Five-Year Plan period, which drove the whole society’s investment in environmental protection to 2.16 trillion yuan, effectively pushing the construction of environmental infrastructure into the fast lane. A total of 2,832 urban sewage treatment plants have been built, with a daily sewage treatment capacity of 125 million tons and a new sewage pipe network of about 60,000 kilometers. The national urban sewage treatment rate has increased from 52% to 77%. A total of 578 million kilowatts of coal-fired desulfurization units have been built, and the proportion of desulfurization units has increased from 12% to 82.6%. A total of 76.825 million kilowatts of small thermal power units were shut down nationwide, and 120 million tons of ironmaking, 72 million tons of steelmaking and 370 million tons of cement were eliminated. In 2010, the proportion of I-III water quality sections in the national surface water monitoring section was 51.9%, an increase of 14.4 percentage points over 2005; The proportion of sections with inferior grade V water quality was 20.8%, which was 6.6 percentage points lower than that in 2005.The average annual concentrations of sulfur dioxide and inhalable particulate matter in urban ambient air in China decreased by 26.3% and 12% respectively.

　　　　(B) environmental protection on the transformation of the mode of economic development has gradually emerged.

　　　　The State Council issued the Decision on Strengthening Environmental Protection in Scientific Outlook on Development, the Eleventh Five-Year Plan for National Environmental Protection, and the Plan for National Major Functional Zones, making it clear that economic construction must meet the requirements of environmental protection. We will adjust and improve the catalogue of prohibited processing trade, cancel export tax rebates for more than 200 kinds of products with high pollution and high environmental risks, and refuse to increase loans for projects that do not meet the requirements of energy conservation and environmental protection. Complete the strategic environmental assessment of the development of key industries in five major regions, including Bohai Rim and Chengdu-Chongqing. Strictly control the "two high-tech and one capital", low-level redundant construction and overcapacity projects, and make decisions such as not accepting, suspending approval or not approving the environmental protection documents of 822 projects that do not meet the requirements, involving an investment of 3.18 trillion yuan. In-depth promotion of pollution prevention in key industrial sectors, strengthening environmental verification and post-inspection of listed companies, actively promoting cleaner production, vigorously developing circular economy, and promoting the transformation of economic development mode.

　　　　(3) Let the strategy of rivers and lakes rest and recuperate be comprehensively promoted.

　　　　Implement the interim measures for the assessment of the implementation of the special plan for the prevention and control of water pollution in key river basins, and establish a cross-provincial water quality assessment system. The completion rate of special planning projects for water pollution prevention and control in key river basins in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan was 87%, 22.8 percentage points higher than that in the Tenth Five-Year Plan, and the accumulated investment was 138.9 billion yuan. Strengthen the protection of drinking water sources, improve the water quality compliance rate of key cities to 84.8%, and solve the problem of unsafe drinking water for 215 million rural people. Promote marine environmental protection and implement the Bohai Sea Environmental Protection Master Plan. Organize the investigation and evaluation of ecological security of 12 key lakes and reservoirs, work out the ecological security guarantee scheme, and initially establish the technical system of ecological security management of lakes and reservoirs.

　　　　(4) The joint prevention and control mechanism for air pollution has been gradually established.

　　　　The General Office of the State Council issued guidance on promoting joint prevention and control of air pollution and improving regional air quality, which effectively guaranteed the environmental quality during the Beijing Olympic Games, the Shanghai World Expo and the Guangzhou Asian Games. Key clean energy projects such as "West-to-East Gas Transmission" and "West-to-East Power Transmission" were implemented. Compared with 2005, about 110 million tons of standard coal was replaced by new clean energy. Carry out clean energy transformation of coal-fired boilers in an all-round way, encourage the development of cogeneration and central heating, and the national central heating area exceeds 3 billion square meters. Strictly control the environmental protection standards of new vehicles and introduce subsidy policies to speed up the elimination of old vehicles. In 2010, the emission of new cars in China decreased by more than 90% compared with 2000.

　　　　(5) The centralized remediation of outstanding environmental problems such as heavy metals that harm people’s health has achieved initial results.

　　　　The General Office of the State Council issued guidance on strengthening the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution, and defined the objectives, tasks, work priorities and relevant policies and measures of heavy metal prevention and control. The central government added a special project to prevent and control heavy metal pollution. In 2010, it allocated 1.5 billion yuan to support the comprehensive prevention and control of key prevention and control areas and the demonstration and popularization of new technologies. The central budget was allocated to invest 52.5 billion yuan to support the construction of urban sewage and garbage treatment facilities, which led to local investment of more than 300 billion yuan, and the harmless treatment rate of urban garbage reached 72.4%, an increase of 20 percentage points over the end of the Tenth Five-Year Plan. Strengthen the environmental management of hazardous chemicals and eliminate nine pesticide persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as DDT and chlordane. Strengthen the supervision and management of urban noise environment and strive to solve the problem of noise disturbing people. More than 2 billion yuan was invested in the comprehensive improvement of chromium slag pollution, and 3.3 million tons of chromium slag accumulated in history were disposed of. Implementing the "trade-in" policy for household appliances, since 2009, more than 29 million used household appliances have been recycled.

　　　　(VI) Ecological protection and rural environmental protection were further strengthened.

　　　　The State Council established the China National Committee for the 2010 International Year of Biodiversity. The General Office of the State Council issued Opinions on Strengthening Rural Environmental Protection, Notice on Strengthening the Protection and Management of Biological Species Resources and Notice on Doing a Good Job in the Management of Nature Reserves. The State Council approved the publication of the Outline of the National Plan for the Protection and Utilization of Biological Species Resources (2006-2020) and the Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity Conservation in China (2011-2030). A total of 2,588 nature reserves have been established, covering an area of 1,494,400 square kilometers, accounting for 14.9% of the land area. The central government allocated 4 billion yuan to implement rural environmental protection "promoting governance with awards, replacing compensation with awards", supporting more than 6,600 villages and towns to carry out comprehensive improvement of rural environment and ecological demonstration construction, driving local investment of more than 8 billion yuan, and directly benefiting more than 24 million rural people. More than 1,000 counties (cities, districts) across the country have established ecological counties (cities, districts), 11 counties (cities) have built ecological cities and counties, and 18 ecological civilization construction pilots have carried out ecological civilization construction exploration, and the number of national organic food bases has reached 68.

　　　　(7) Nuclear safety and prevention and control of radioactive pollution have been steadily advanced.

　　　　The State Council promulgated the Regulations on the Safety Management of Radioactive Materials Transportation and the Regulations on the Safety Supervision and Management of Civil Nuclear Safety Equipment, and formulated a series of supporting administrative regulations and management guidelines. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, the safety performance of nuclear power units operating in mainland China was good, and the discharge of gaseous and liquid effluents was far below the national standard limit. The quality assurance system of nuclear power units under construction is operating effectively, and the technical level of engineering construction keeps pace with the international level; The research reactor is in a state of safe operation or safe shutdown. Nuclear fuel production, processing, storage and reprocessing facilities are kept in safe operation. Deepen the supervision of nuclear technology utilization, implement the whole process control of radioactive sources, carry out special rectification of radiation devices to prevent jamming sources, recover waste radioactive sources in time, and retire a number of old radiation devices, which improves the inherent safety level of radioisotope and radiation device utilization projects, effectively reduces the incidence of radiation accidents, and promotes the healthy and sustainable development of nuclear technology utilization industry. The design, manufacture, installation and nondestructive inspection of nuclear safety equipment are fully incorporated into nuclear safety supervision.

　　　　In recent years, the state has continuously strengthened the prevention and control of radioactive pollution. Early decommissioning of nuclear facilities and the treatment of radioactive waste left over from history have been steadily advanced; Build a number of medium and low level waste treatment facilities; Complete a number of closed uranium geological exploration, decommissioning of mining and smelting facilities and environmental improvement projects; The national centralized repository of waste radioactive sources and the temporary repositories of radioactive wastes in all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) have been basically completed; Establish a national radiation environment monitoring network and carry out supervisory monitoring of the surrounding environment of key nuclear facilities. The monitoring results show that the national radiation environment quality is good and the radiation level remains within the natural background fluctuation range. The average radiation dose of employees is far below the national limit.

　　　　(8) The system of laws, regulations and policy standards has been continuously improved.

　　　　The National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) has revised the Law on Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, enacted the Law on Promotion of Circular Economy, made relevant provisions on environmental protection in the Property Law, the Criminal Law Amendment and other relevant laws, and carried out supervision and inspection on the implementation of environmental protection-related laws such as prevention and control of water, air and solid waste pollution and cleaner production. The State Council promulgated eight administrative regulations on environmental protection, such as Regulations on Planning Environmental Impact Assessment and Regulations on Management of Waste Electrical and Electronic Products Recycling, introduced a series of policies, such as desulfurization electricity price, green credit and green securities, and carried out pilot projects such as paid use and trading of emission rights, ecological compensation and environmental pollution liability insurance. Government procurement of environmental labeling products was carried out. The national environmental protection standard system was initially established, with more than 1,300 existing standards.

　　　　(nine) to strengthen environmental law enforcement supervision and capacity building.

　　　　Every year, a special environmental protection campaign is launched to "rectify illegal sewage enterprises and protect people’s health". Since 2006, more than 80,000 enterprises with environmental violations have been investigated and dealt with, and 7,294 enterprises have been banned and closed. The information on environmental violations of enterprises has been incorporated into the bank credit information system. During the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, a total of 10.034 billion yuan of environmental protection budget was issued, 4.71 times that of the "Tenth Five-Year Plan". Full-caliber central environmental protection investment reached 156.4 billion yuan, nearly three times that of the tenth five-year plan. The central government arranged more than 7 billion yuan of special funds for emission reduction of major pollutants, supported the standardized construction of 52% county-level environmental monitoring stations nationwide, and initially established an environmental monitoring and pollution source automatic monitoring network. The first national survey of pollution sources and the study of China’s environmental macro-strategy were completed, and major scientific and technological projects for water pollution control and treatment achieved initial results.

　　　　(10) International cooperation in the environment has been gradually deepened.

　　　　During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, China’s international environmental cooperation achieved remarkable results. Negotiations on multilateral environmental conventions are progressing smoothly, the level of bilateral environmental cooperation has been comprehensively upgraded, and cooperation with international organizations has been continuously strengthened. Environmental cooperation has become an important part of bilateral cooperation such as the China-US Strategic and Economic Dialogue, the China-US Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade, and the China-Japan High-level Economic Dialogue, covering pollution prevention, ecological protection and nuclear safety. It has successively signed bilateral environmental cooperation agreements or memorandums of understanding with 35 countries including the United States, Japan, Canada and Russia, and carried out a number of environmental cooperation projects with more than 10 countries and international organizations including the European Union, Japan, Germany and Canada under bilateral free aid projects. Attach great importance to environmental cooperation and exchanges with developing countries, especially African countries, and promote "South-South" environmental cooperation. Actively participated in the institutionalization of regional cooperation, and successively led and participated in the mechanism of China-Japan-ROK Environment Ministers Meeting, Greater Mekong Subregion Environmental Cooperation Mechanism, ASEAN-China (10+1), ASEAN-China-Japan-ROK (10+3) Mechanism, Asia-Europe Environment Ministers Meeting Mechanism, China-EU Ministerial Dialogue on Environmental Policy and other cooperation.

　　　　III. Objectives and tasks of China’s environmental protection during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period

　　　　(A) the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" environmental protection objectives

　　　　By 2015, the total discharge of major pollutants will be significantly reduced, with the total discharge of chemical oxygen demand and sulfur dioxide reduced by 8% and the total discharge of ammonia nitrogen and nitrogen oxides reduced by 10% respectively compared with 2010. The environmental safety of drinking water sources in urban and rural areas has been effectively guaranteed, and the water quality has been greatly improved. The proportion of surface water quality in state-controlled sections is less than 15%, the proportion of water quality in state-controlled sections of seven major water systems is better than that in class III is over 60%, and the proportion of air quality in cities above prefecture level is over 80%. Heavy metal pollution has been effectively controlled, and the prevention and control of pollution such as persistent organic pollutants, dangerous chemicals and hazardous wastes has achieved remarkable results; The construction and operation level of urban and rural environmental infrastructure has been improved; The deterioration trend of ecological environment has been reversed; The ability of nuclear and radiation safety supervision has been significantly improved, and the level of nuclear and radiation safety has been further improved; The environmental supervision system has been improved.

　　　　(II) General requirements for environmental protection during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period

　　　　Guided by Deng Xiaoping Theory and Theory of Three Represents, we will thoroughly implement the Scientific Outlook on Development, adhere to protection in development and development in protection, take environmental protection as an important starting point for stabilizing growth and restructuring, give top priority to solving outstanding environmental problems that harm people’s health, carry out reform and innovation in all fields of environmental protection, strengthen institutional innovation and capacity building, deepen pollution reduction, prevent environmental risks and improve environmental quality. We will comprehensively push forward the historic transformation of environmental protection, actively explore new ways of environmental protection with low cost, good benefits, low emissions and sustainability, strive to achieve win-win economic benefits, social benefits and resource and environmental benefits, and promote long-term stable and rapid economic development and social harmony and progress.

　　　　(3) Carefully coordinating the four major events

　　　　First, actively explore new ways of environmental protection as the main body of practice, and enrich and improve the theoretical system of environmental protection. We will continue to deepen our understanding of promoting the historic transformation of environmental protection, allowing important ecosystems such as rivers and lakes to recuperate and build ecological civilization, deepening our understanding of the relationship between environmental protection and economic and social development, deepening our understanding of the laws of natural ecological environment succession, comprehensive pollution prevention and ecological environment management, and consolidating the theoretical foundation of environmental protection.

　　　　The second is to comprehensively construct the framework of environmental laws and regulations with the revision of the environmental protection law as the leading factor. Cooperate with the National People’s Congress to revise the Environmental Protection Law, focus on solving some local governments’ environmental protection responsibilities, insufficient judicial support, some systems that are not in line with the current reality and are not connected with individual laws and regulations, further strengthen the basic position and role of the environmental protection law, and comprehensively promote the construction of environmental protection laws and regulations, policy systems and environmental standards.

　　　　Third, take the introduction of the organizational regulations of the Ministry of Environmental Protection as an opportunity to rationalize and improve the environmental protection function and organizational system. Explore the implementation of a large-scale system with organically unified functions, and encourage qualified areas to carry out comprehensive reform of the environmental protection system. Strengthen nuclear and radiation safety supervision functions and team building. Further improve the system and mechanism of environmental monitoring and supervision, and strengthen the national environmental monitoring function. Implement the development plan of ecological environmental protection talents and strengthen the construction of environmental protection team.

　　　　Fourth, to complete energy conservation and emission reduction as the main task, and strive to promote the obvious improvement of environmental quality. During the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, the pollution reduction targets have been expanded from two to four, and the fields have been extended from industries and towns to transportation and rural areas. It is more difficult and stressful to accomplish the task of reducing pollution, and it is also a hot spot of social concern. It is necessary to continue to strengthen the three major emission reduction measures, to make room for structural emission reduction, to make potential for project emission reduction, to make benefits from management emission reduction, to resolutely complete the task of total reduction, and to promote the obvious improvement of environmental quality.

　　　　IV. Progress of China’s Environmental Protection Work in 2011

　　　　In 2011, the State Council held the seventh national conference on environmental protection, and issued Opinions on Strengthening the Key Work of Environmental Protection and the Twelfth Five-Year Plan of National Environmental Protection, which laid the foundation for the great development of environmental protection in the Twelfth Five-Year Plan.

　　　　(A) the role of environmental protection in promoting the transformation of economic development mode has been further strengthened.

　　　　In accordance with the unified arrangements of the central government, 14 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) were supervised and inspected to speed up the transformation of economic development mode, and policies and measures for environmental protection and pollution reduction were urged to be implemented, which effectively promoted the transformation of local mode and structure. The Ministry of Environmental Protection and the National Development and Reform Commission issued the Notice on Further Strengthening the Planning Environmental Impact Assessment, strengthening the environmental impact assessment, focusing on strengthening the planning environmental impact assessment in river basins, water conservancy and hydropower fields, and further improving the supervision ability of the whole process of construction project environmental impact assessment. In 2011, the Ministry of Environmental Protection approved a total of 291 project EIA documents, involving an investment of 1.46 trillion yuan. 44 projects with a total investment of nearly 250 billion yuan, involving "two highs and one capital", low-level redundant construction and overcapacity, were returned to the report, rejected or suspended for approval. 63 national environmental protection standards were issued to promote the upgrading of pollution prevention and control level in the industry and the adjustment of industrial structure. Strictly carry out environmental verification of key industries such as tanning, rare earth, steel, citric acid, monosodium glutamate, alcohol, starch, etc., announce the list of enterprises that meet environmental protection requirements, and promote the transformation of the development mode of rare earth industry. Through the organization of environmental verification of rare earth enterprises, the rare earth industry has been encouraged to invest more than 2 billion yuan in environmental protection. Strictly carry out environmental protection verification and post-inspection. In 2011, 88 companies that applied to the Ministry of Environmental Protection for listing environmental protection verification added a total of 9.97 billion yuan in environmental protection investment during the verification period, and completed 916 environmental protection projects.

　　　　(2) The emission reduction of major pollutants has been solidly promoted.

　　　　The compilation of the Plan for Prevention and Control of Air Pollution in Key Areas (2011-2015) requires the establishment of a joint prevention and control mechanism for regional air pollution with the aim of improving air quality and the coordinated control of multiple pollutants, so as to do a solid job in air pollution prevention and control in key areas during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period. Drawing lessons from the successful experience of air quality assurance in Beijing Olympic Games, Shanghai World Expo and Guangzhou Asian Games, we implemented joint prevention and control measures for regional air pollution, and successfully completed the air quality assurance task of the "Green Universiade". Promote the prevention and control of motor vehicle pollution, organize the implementation of the national four standards for light gasoline vehicles and heavy diesel vehicles and the emission standards for off-road mobile machinery, actively promote the low sulfur of motor vehicle fuel, organize the self-inspection activities of the national motor vehicle environmental inspection agencies, and go to nine provinces in six groups to conduct on-site inspections. Six major power groups, 16 pilot power plants and a total of 32 coal-fired units were selected to carry out the pilot work of preventing and controlling atmospheric mercury pollution in coal-fired power plants. Organize and complete the dynamic update survey of pollution source census in 2010, and form a pollution source emission database, which laid the foundation for determining the emission reduction base in the Twelfth Five-Year Plan. Formulate the total amount control plan of major pollutants in each region during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, determine the total amount control indicators in each region, and decompose the emission reduction tasks into specific projects. Shanxi, Hunan and other provinces list characteristic pollutants as binding indicators for emission reduction. At the Seventh Environmental Protection Conference, entrusted by the State Council, the Ministry of Environmental Protection signed a letter of responsibility for total emission reduction targets with provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps and relevant central enterprises.Continue to promote the three major measures of project emission reduction, structural emission reduction and management emission reduction. Start the pilot project of pollution reduction performance management. In 2011, the national emissions of chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen and sulfur dioxide continued to decline, but the emissions of nitrogen oxides rose instead of falling.

　　　　(3) Risk management of outstanding environmental problems such as heavy metal pollution that seriously damages people’s health has been effectively strengthened.

　　　　The State Council approved the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Heavy Metal Pollution and the Implementation Plan for Heavy Metal Pollution Control in Xiangjiang River Basin, and identified five key prevention and control industries and 138 key prevention and control areas. The central government issued 2.5 billion yuan to support 26 provinces to carry out heavy metal pollution control, and made the rectification of environmental violations of lead-acid battery enterprises the primary task of the special environmental protection action in 2011. Deepen the management of PVC production by calcium carbide method, mercury catalyst production and waste mercury catalyst recycling. Implement a statistical reporting system for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and initially establish a long-term monitoring mechanism for POPs. We will carry out in-depth special actions to rectify illegal sewage enterprises and protect people’s health and environmental protection. We deployed special inspections on environmental management of chemicals and hazardous wastes nationwide, established a standardized management and supervision and assessment mechanism for hazardous wastes, and conducted spot checks and assessments on pollution prevention and control of hazardous waste generating, utilizing and disposing units in all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). More than 9 million tons of hazardous waste have been used and disposed of by units holding hazardous waste business licenses nationwide. 53 million sets of used household appliances were recycled and disposed of nationwide. Deploy the national special inspection of chemical environmental management and organize five special law enforcement inspections. In-depth special actions were carried out to rectify illegal sewage enterprises and protect people’s health and environmental protection. More than 2.7 million people were dispatched nationwide, more than 1.07 million enterprises were inspected, more than 10,000 environmental illegal enterprises were investigated, and more than 2,000 environmental illegal cases were listed and supervised. A total of 12,137 heavy metal emission enterprises in key industries were investigated, and the most severe measures were taken to rectify lead battery enterprises.More than 80% have been shut down or stopped production, and the intensity of rectification has never been greater. Effectively curbed the high incidence of blood lead incidents in lead-acid battery enterprises, and promoted the optimization and upgrading of the industry and sustainable development.

　　　　(D) The prevention and control of pollution in key river basins has been deepened.

　　　　The National Plan for Prevention and Control of Groundwater Pollution was issued, and the environmental conditions of more than 800 centralized drinking water sources were evaluated, and interviews were conducted with 13 cities with outstanding problems. Organize the preparation of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for the Reconstruction and Construction of Urban Water Supply Facilities and the Vision of 2020, and conduct a general survey of all 106 water quality indicators of the discharged water from urban public water supply plants nationwide. The implementation of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan for water pollution prevention and control in 22 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in key river basins was assessed, and the assessment results were regarded as an important factor in the allocation of funds for water pollution prevention and control. The "Water Pollution Prevention and Control Plan for the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River (2011-2015)" was issued. The quality of surface water in China continues to improve. We will carry out pilot projects to protect the ecological environment of lakes with good water quality. Vigorously promote cleaner production, issued the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan for Industrial Cleaner Production", issued a total of cleaner production technology implementation plans for 27 key industries such as PVC, and arranged 220 million yuan to support the construction of 33 cleaner production demonstration projects. Compile the National Circular Economy Development Plan, release 60 typical cases of circular economy, carry out pilot projects of comprehensive utilization of industrial solid wastes in 12 regions including Chengde in Hebei and Shuozhou in Shanxi, and determine the first batch of pilot projects of comprehensive utilization and harmless treatment of kitchen wastes in 33 cities (regions). Supervise and guide the central enterprises to set an example and promote the innovation and popularization of energy conservation, emission reduction, comprehensive utilization and cleaner production technology.

　　　　(5) Rural environmental improvement and ecological protection have been effectively strengthened.

　　　　Nine new demonstration provinces (regions) have been established to improve rural environment, and 4 billion yuan of special funds for rural environmental protection have been arranged, of which 3.6 billion yuan will be used to support the improvement of rural environment. By 2011, a total of 8 billion yuan of special funds for rural environmental protection had been arranged to support 16,300 villages to carry out comprehensive improvement of rural environment and ecological demonstration construction, benefiting 37,290,600 people. Actively carry out the prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution, and vigorously promote the technology of saving fertilizer and medicine. The number of counties (fields) for soil testing and formula fertilization projects has reached 2,498, and the technology promotion area has reached 1.1 billion mu, reducing unreasonable fertilization by 5.8 million tons. China National Committee for the International Year of Biodiversity in 2010 was officially renamed as China National Committee for Biodiversity Protection, with Vice Premier Li Keqiang as its chairman. The remote sensing survey and evaluation project of the ten-year change of the national ecological environment (2000-2010) was launched. Do a good job in the management of nature reserves, build 16 national nature reserves and build 335 national nature reserves. Further standardize the management of ecological construction demonstration areas, add 27 ecological cities (counties) and 34 ecological civilization construction pilots. At present, there are 15 provinces and more than 1000 regions in China to establish ecological provinces, cities and counties. Soil erosion in key river basins has been effectively controlled. By 2011, about 300,000 soil and water conservation schemes had been approved nationwide, and the cumulative area of soil erosion control was about 1.1 million square kilometers. In 2010-2011, a total of 6.84 billion yuan was invested by the central government, driving local and enterprises to invest more than 40 billion yuan.Focus on supporting the management of mine geological environment in resource-exhausted cities. The second phase of natural forest resources protection was officially launched. In 2011, the total afforestation area in China was 92.07 million mu, up 3.9% year-on-year, and the newly added wetland protection area was 4.95 million mu.

　　　　(6) The nuclear and radiation environment is safe and controllable.

　　　　In 2011, the nuclear facilities in service operated safely, and the quality of nuclear facilities under construction was effectively controlled. There were no safety incidents or accidents of Grade II or above in the operation of nuclear power plants, research reactors, nuclear fuel cycle facilities, radioactive waste storage, treatment and disposal facilities and radioactive materials transportation activities, and the incidents and nonconformities of nuclear facilities in operation and under construction were dealt with in a timely and effective manner. In 2011, the number of nuclear facilities and nuclear technology utilization projects in China increased continuously, and the quality of radiation environment remained good on the whole. The level of environmental ionizing radiation remained stable, and the overall ionizing radiation around nuclear facilities and nuclear technology utilization projects did not change significantly. The overall level of environmental electromagnetic radiation was good, and the overall level of environmental electromagnetic radiation around electromagnetic radiation facilities did not change significantly.

　　　　After the Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan, the state immediately launched an emergency plan, closely tracked and judged the progress of the accident, actively carried out nationwide radiation environmental monitoring, and took effective measures to deal with it. Organize the comprehensive safety inspection of nuclear facilities nationwide, and comprehensively revise the emergency plan and revision instructions for nuclear accidents in the operating units of civil nuclear facilities. Carry out safety inspections on the application of nuclear technology, uranium mining and metallurgy, and transportation of radioactive materials to effectively prevent serious accidents. The quality of radiation environment in China has remained good.

　　　　(seven) policy and legal system, science and technology monitoring and publicity and education work continue to advance.

　　　　Promulgate and implement the Regulations on the Management of Taihu Lake Basin and the Regulations on the Safety Management of Radioactive Waste, and cooperate with the revision of the Environmental Protection Law. The comprehensive list of environmental protection has been updated, and more than 500 kinds of "high pollution and high environmental risk" products, more than 40 kinds of environmentally friendly processes and more than 10 kinds of special equipment for environmental protection have been included in the list. In Beijing, Guangdong and other coal-fired power plants, the denitration electricity price policy of 0.8 cents per kilowatt-hour was tried out. For the first time, a nationwide comprehensive survey on environmental pollution and population health was carried out. The establishment of environmental risk and damage identification and evaluation research center and environmental pollution damage identification technology center. We will promote the identification and assessment of environmental pollution damage in pilot areas, successfully complete the three-year action plan for environmental monitoring quality management, and carry out the pilot assessment of county ecological environment quality and biodiversity monitoring in national key ecological function area for the first time. The Twelfth Five-Year Plan for Scientific and Technological Development of National Environmental Protection, the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Environmental Monitoring and the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Environmental Monitoring in 2011 and 2012 were issued, the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for Nuclear Safety and Radioactive Pollution Prevention and the Vision for 2020 were compiled, and the first national environmental emergency monitoring drill, the Eleventh Five-Year Environmental Protection Achievement Exhibition and the 12th China International Environmental Protection Exhibition were held.

　　　　(VIII) Environmental protection system, mechanism and capacity building have been strengthened.

　　　　The ranks of nuclear safety regulatory agencies have been further strengthened. The Ministry of Environmental Protection, in conjunction with relevant departments, issued the Medium-and Long-Term Plan for the Development of Ecological Environmental Protection Talents (2010-2020), and trained 52,000 cadres and various talents. Publish the case textbook "Ecological Civilization Construction and Sustainable Development" on the theme of scientific development for leading cadres of party and government all over the country. Actively coordinate for the support of the Ministry of Finance, and the central government will add special funds for lake ecological environment protection to protect high-quality ecological lakes with an area of more than 50 square kilometers. In 2010-2011, a total of 950 million yuan will be arranged to support the protection of eight lakes, including liangzi lake and Erhai. The capacity building of monitoring and law enforcement and environmental monitoring has been further strengthened. Nearly 1.1 billion yuan of infrastructure investment has been allocated for monitoring and law enforcement business housing projects, and 414 million yuan has been allocated for environmental monitoring capacity building, which has supported the standardization construction of more than 930 county (district) environmental monitoring institutions in the central and western regions.

　　　　V. Key Environmental Protection Work in 2012

　　　　(a) to complete the annual major pollutant emission reduction tasks.

　　　　The annual pollution reduction tasks set in 2012 are: compared with 2011, the emissions of sulfur dioxide and chemical oxygen demand are reduced by 2%, the emissions of ammonia nitrogen are reduced by 1.5%, and the emissions of nitrogen oxides are zero. In-depth implementation of the three major emission reduction measures, structural emission reduction in a more prominent position, improve the exit mechanism of backward production capacity, and strictly pre-audit the total amount of construction projects to reduce pollution emissions from the source. Continue to strengthen project emission reduction and management emission reduction, speed up pollutant control, key pollution control projects, flue gas desulfurization and denitrification, sewage treatment facilities construction, strengthen motor vehicle emission reduction, and carry out agricultural and rural pollution reduction. Strict supervision, ensure the normal operation of pollution control facilities, tap the potential of pollution control, and improve pollution control efficiency. Enrich and improve the emission reduction policy, further improve the desulfurization electricity price, make good use of the denitrification electricity price, coordinate relevant departments to introduce supervision measures for the operation of denitrification facilities as soon as possible, and study and propose financial incentive policies for emission reduction of agricultural sources and motor vehicles. Study that measure of bringing sludge disposal cost into sewage treatment cost. Guiding opinions on the pilot work of paid use and trading of emission rights were issued.

　　　　(2) Strictly implement the environmental impact assessment system.

　　　　Vigorously promote strategic environmental impact assessment, focus on planning environmental impact assessment of industrial parks with high environmental risks such as chemical and petrochemical industries, cascade development of river basins, and construction of important waterways, increase the pilot of planning environmental impact assessment of key environmental protection cities, and improve the linkage mechanism between planning environmental impact assessment and project environmental impact assessment. Take the total emission control index of major pollutants as the precondition for the EIA approval of new reconstruction and expansion projects, strengthen the EIA management of petrochemical, steel and other industries, and establish and improve the environmental risk assessment system of construction projects. Improve the qualification management policy of environmental impact assessment institutions of construction projects. Explore the establishment of the "three simultaneities" execution list and liability certificate system for construction projects, and resolutely implement approval-limiting measures for regions and enterprise groups that have not seriously fulfilled their EIA commitments and caused greater environmental risks and environmental impacts. Comprehensively promote the environmental supervision of construction projects, continue to strengthen the supervision of the whole process of environmental impact assessment, and formulate post-evaluation methods for environmental impact.

　　　　(3) Give priority to solving outstanding environmental problems that harm people’s health.

　　　　Pay close attention to improving the environmental quality evaluation system. With the consent of the State Council, the newly revised national ambient air quality standard has been announced to the public. The focus of future work is to further strengthen the pollution control of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and effectively improve the atmospheric environmental quality. First, improve the joint prevention and control mechanism of the atmosphere, focusing on Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta regions, and implement coordinated control of multiple pollutants. Intensify industrial adjustment and accelerate the elimination of backward production capacity. Actively promote clean energy, formulate and implement special emission limits for air pollutants in key industries such as thermal power, steel and petrochemical, and vigorously reduce the total emission of pollutants; Second, effectively strengthen the prevention and control of motor vehicle pollution, fully implement the fourth-stage motor vehicle emission standards, implement environmental protection signs for motor vehicles, speed up the elimination of "yellow-label vehicles" and improve the quality of vehicle fuel. Strengthen the capacity building of environmental supervision of motor vehicles, strengthen the supervision of environmental inspection agencies for in-use vehicles, and comprehensively improve the emission level of motor vehicles; The third is to establish a regional atmospheric environmental quality forecasting system to realize the risk information judgment and early warning functions. When heavy polluted weather occurs continuously, the emergency mechanism should be started in time to guide the masses to arrange their travel and life reasonably. In addition, we will do our best to prevent and control heavy metal pollution, strictly manage chemical environment, and continue to do a good job in hazardous waste management.

　　　　(four) continue to strengthen the prevention and control of marine pollution in key river basins.

　　　　Insist on letting rivers and lakes recuperate and improve the quality of water environment. We will do a good job in ensuring the safety of drinking water environment and strictly divide and manage drinking water source protection areas. Accelerate the implementation of the "Measures for Environmental Quality Assessment of Surface Water" and study and introduce policies and measures to strengthen the protection of rural drinking water sources. Promote the prevention and control of water pollution in key river basins and improve the assessment mechanism. Take joint pollution control as a breakthrough to improve the environmental quality of the Bohai Sea and the estuaries such as the Yangtze River, the Yellow River and the Pearl River. Strengthen lake protection, implement preferential protection and one lake and one policy, and establish a target responsibility system and performance evaluation system. Strengthen the control and management of odor, noise and cooking fume pollution in cities. Strengthen enterprise environmental protection verification and post-supervision.

　　　　(V) Accelerating rural environmental protection and ecological protection.

　　　　Further deepen the policy of "promoting governance with awards" and "replacing compensation with awards". Implement the target responsibility system for comprehensive improvement of rural environment, and conduct performance evaluation and assessment on the implementation of the target responsibility system for comprehensive improvement of rural environment in pilot provinces and cities. Promote the construction of agricultural environmental protection supervision system. Explore the establishment of cross-regional and cross-industry mechanisms to promote the pilot construction of ecological civilization. Implement the Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity Conservation in China (2011-2030), and formulate and implement the Measures for Environmental Supervision and Management of Alien Invasive Species. Strengthen supervision over the development and construction of nature reserves, and seriously investigate and deal with illegal acts.

　　　　(six) to strengthen environmental law enforcement and emergency management.

　　　　Continue to maintain the high-pressure situation of environmental law enforcement supervision. We will carry out in-depth special actions to rectify illegal sewage enterprises to protect people’s health and environmental protection, and resolutely rectify the dumping of heavy metals, chemicals and hazardous wastes. We will carry out pilot projects to evaluate the performance of environmental law enforcement, and improve the regional environmental supervision mechanism and departmental linkage law enforcement mechanism. The implementation of river basin, region, industry approval and supervision supervision system. Improve the working mechanism of risk prevention and emergency management. Improve the ability of environmental emergency monitoring and disposal, and properly handle all kinds of sudden environmental incidents. Strictly implement the information reporting system, implement the main responsibility of enterprise environmental safety, comprehensively investigate the environmental risks of enterprises, and carry out the assessment of enterprise environmental risks.

　　　　(seven) to continuously improve the level of policies and regulations, scientific and technological standards, environmental monitoring, nuclear and radiation safety and publicity and education.

　　　　Cooperate with the revision of the Environmental Protection Law, promote the revision of the Air Pollution Prevention Law, and study and draft laws and regulations on soil environmental protection and nuclear safety. Do a good job in the comprehensive list of environmental protection, improve the information exchange mechanism of green credit, and initially form the ability to identify and evaluate environmental pollution damage. Strengthen scientific and technological support and standard setting, and strengthen environmental monitoring. Strengthen the standardization construction and standard acceptance of monitoring stations, and strengthen nuclear and radiation safety supervision. Prepare for the fourth national conference on nuclear and radiation safety supervision. Take the operation of nuclear facilities as the supervision object, strengthen the safety review and evaluation of newly built and expanded nuclear facilities, and supervise the implementation of various rectification measures. Accelerate the construction of nuclear and radiation safety supervision technology research and development base. Actively and steadily promote the reform of publishing and newspapers. Popularize nuclear and radiation safety knowledge, deepen environmental publicity and education, and improve the publicity level of major events such as World Environment Day and Earth Day. We will continue to carry out pilot projects of environmental education for all.

　　　　Box 1: All previous environmental protection conferences in China

　　　　Since 1973, China has held seven national environmental protection conferences. All previous national conferences on environmental protection have achieved landmark results, which embodies the development course of China’s environmental protection undertaking that keeps pace with the times and keeps pioneering and innovating. In 1973, the State Council held the first national conference on environmental protection, and put forward the 32-word policy of "overall planning, rational layout, comprehensive utilization, turning harm into benefit, relying on the masses and everyone to protect the environment and benefit the people". The second national conference on environmental protection held in 1983 established environmental protection as a basic national policy, formulated the guiding principle of "economic construction, urban and rural construction and environmental construction should be planned, implemented and developed simultaneously, so as to achieve the unity of economic benefits, social benefits and environmental benefits", and defined the three major environmental protection issues of "prevention first, combining prevention with control", "polluter should control" and "strengthening environmental management" The Third National Conference on Environmental Protection held in 1989 put forward the idea of "declaring war on environmental pollution", and actively promoted eight environmental management systems, including the responsibility system for environmental protection objectives, the quantitative assessment system for comprehensive improvement of urban environment, the permit system for pollutant discharge, centralized pollution control, deadline treatment, environmental impact assessment system, the "three simultaneities" system and the sewage charge system. The fourth national conference on environmental protection held in 1996 pointed out that environmental protection is the key to implementing the strategy of sustainable development, and the essence of environmental protection is to protect productive forces. The implementation of the total discharge control plan of major pollutants and the cross-century green project planning are two important measures to improve environmental quality.The fifth national conference on environmental protection held in 2002 called for putting environmental protection on the same important position as developing productive forces, developing environmental protection in accordance with economic laws and taking the road of marketization and industrialization. The Sixth National Environmental Protection Conference held in 2006 clearly pointed out that the key to do a good job in environmental protection under the new situation is to accelerate the realization of "three changes": from emphasizing economic growth to neglecting environmental protection to paying equal attention to environmental protection and economic growth, from environmental protection lagging behind economic development to simultaneous promotion of environmental protection and economic development, and from mainly using administrative measures to comprehensively applying laws, economies, technologies and necessary administrative measures to solve environmental problems. The Seventh National Conference on Environmental Protection held in 2011 emphasized the need to persist in protecting while developing, actively explore new ways of environmental protection with low cost, good benefits, low emissions and sustainability, effectively solve outstanding environmental problems that affect scientific development and harm people’s health, and strive to create a new situation in environmental protection work.

　　　　Column 2: Actively explore the new road of environmental protection in China.

　　　　Exploring the new road of environmental protection in China originates from the practice of environmental protection in China for more than 30 years. It is a systematic summary of environmental protection practice in China and a clear banner that leads the environmental protection cause to advance continuously. In the study and practice of Scientific Outlook on Development in 2008, the national environmental protection system reached a consensus to explore a new road of environmental protection in China, which was theoretically refined and summarized by the China Environmental Macro-strategy Research approved by the State Council and jointly carried out by China Academy of Engineering and the Ministry of Environmental Protection. At the annual meeting of the China Committee for International Cooperation in Environment and Development in 2011, Chinese and foreign members and experts attending the meeting gave wide approval to the connotation and goal of actively exploring a new road of environmental protection in China. In recent years, under the guidance of actively exploring new ways of environmental protection, new measures such as joint prevention and control of air pollution, cross-border assessment of key river basins, "one lake, one policy" for lake protection, "promoting governance with awards" for rural environmental protection, total pollutant discharge index as a precondition for project approval, regional industry environmental assessment limit, environmental protection verification of key industries, desulfurization electricity price of coal-fired power plants, emission trading and green credit have been continuously introduced, with remarkable results.

　　　　The connotation of the new road of environmental protection is "low cost, good benefit, low emission and sustainability". "Low cost" means to adhere to the coordination between environmental protection and economic development, and support larger-scale economic activities with as little resource and environmental cost as possible; "Good benefit" means to persist in coordinating environmental protection with economic construction and social construction, and seek the best environmental, economic and social benefits; "Low emission" means adhering to the combination of pollution prevention and environmental treatment, keeping pollutant emission at the lowest level, and minimizing the damage to the environment caused by economic and social activities; "Sustainability" means to adhere to the integration of environmental protection and long-term development, and promote sustainable economic and social development by building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society.

　　　　The fundamental requirement for exploring a new road to environmental protection is to vigorously promote the coordination and integration of environmental protection and economic development. Focusing on the theme of scientific development and the main line of accelerating the transformation of economic development mode, environmental protection should be placed in a more important position, giving full play to the leading, expanding, increasing and reversing role of environmental protection in promoting stable and rapid economic development, optimizing regional layout with environmental capacity, optimizing industrial structure with environmental management, optimizing growth mode with environmental cost, and promoting innovative transformation and green development.

　　　　The core of exploring a new road to environmental protection is to pay attention to safeguarding and improving people’s livelihood. Strengthen the concept of environmental protection for the benefit of the people, concentrate on solving environmental problems related to people’s livelihood, such as heavy metals, chemicals, hazardous wastes and persistent organic pollutants, severely punish environmental violations, earnestly safeguard the public’s environmental rights and interests, and let the people drink clean water, breathe fresh air, eat safe food, and produce and live in a beautiful and livable environment.

　　　　The goal of exploring a new road to environmental protection is to focus on building six systems. First, the macro-strategic system of environmental protection adapted to China’s national conditions; The second is a comprehensive and efficient pollution prevention and control system; Third, a sound environmental quality evaluation system; Fourth, a sound system of environmental protection laws, regulations, policies and scientific and technological standards; Fifth, a complete environmental management and law enforcement supervision system; Sixth, the social action system with the participation of the whole people.

　　　　Column 3: Vigorously promote the construction of ecological civilization

　　　　Building ecological civilization is an important strategic thought and task put forward by our Party, which thoroughly implements Scientific Outlook on Development and is based on the severe reality that the cost of resources and environment is too high in the rapid economic growth. It is an important part of the overall layout of Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s great cause, which points out the direction for solving the outstanding contradiction between man and nature in China at present and in the future, and provides a fundamental guarantee for strengthening ecological environment protection and promoting sustainable economic and social development. According to the report of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, "to build an ecological civilization, the industrial structure, growth mode and consumption pattern of saving energy and resources and protecting the ecological environment will basically be formed. Circular economy has formed a large scale, and the proportion of renewable energy has increased significantly. The discharge of major pollutants has been effectively controlled, and the quality of the ecological environment has been significantly improved. The concept of ecological civilization is firmly established in the whole society. " The Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Plenary Sessions of the Seventeenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China clearly put forward that socialist economic construction, political construction, cultural construction, social construction and ecological civilization construction should be comprehensively promoted, and the construction of ecological civilization should be included in the overall layout of Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s cause. General Secretary Hu Jintao pointed out, "The essence of building ecological civilization is to build a resource-saving and environment-friendly society based on the carrying capacity of resources and environment, guided by the laws of nature and aimed at sustainable development." Promoting the construction of ecological civilization is an effective way to solve the increasing constraints of resources and environment, an objective need to accelerate the transformation of economic development mode, an inherent requirement to safeguard and improve people’s livelihood, and a strategic choice to seize the commanding heights of future competition in the post-international financial crisis period.

　　　　Environmental protection is the main position and fundamental measure of ecological civilization construction, and it is also the focus and direction of promoting sustainable development. Building ecological civilization is different from pollution control and ecological restoration in the traditional sense, but a process of correcting the disadvantages of industrial civilization and exploring the road of resource-saving and environment-friendly development. It is necessary to make up for the course of industrial civilization and take the road of ecological civilization. Strengthening ecological environmental protection is not to give up the pursuit of development, but to achieve harmony between man and nature, economy, society and resources and environment at a higher level. We must use the strategic vision, strategic thinking and strategic means of building ecological civilization to plan and solve China’s outstanding environmental problems, and actively explore a new road of environmental protection in China. Any achievement or breakthrough in environmental protection is a positive contribution to the construction of ecological civilization. In recent years, China’s environmental protection work has played an important role in solving outstanding environmental problems that affect scientific development and harm people’s health, coordinating and promoting the reduction of total discharge of major pollutants, improvement of environmental quality, prevention of environmental risks and equalization of public services for urban and rural environmental protection, and fostering and strengthening the ecological economy, improving the quality of the ecological environment and enhancing the awareness of social ecological civilization.

　　　　Box 4: the State Council’s opinion on strengthening the key work of environmental protection

　　　　In October 2011, the State Council issued the Opinions on Strengthening the Key Work of Environmental Protection, which became a programmatic document to thoroughly implement the Scientific Outlook on Development and promote the scientific development of environmental protection in China in the new era. The "Opinions" put forward that, first, we should comprehensively improve the level of supervision and management of environmental protection. Strictly implement the environmental impact assessment system, continue to strengthen the total emission reduction of major pollutants, strengthen environmental law enforcement supervision, effectively prevent environmental risks and properly handle environmental emergencies; Second, efforts should be made to solve outstanding environmental problems that affect scientific development and harm people’s health. Effectively strengthen the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution, strictly manage chemical environment, ensure nuclear and radiation safety, deepen comprehensive prevention and control of pollution in key areas, vigorously develop environmental protection industries, accelerate rural environmental protection, and increase ecological protection; Third, we must reform and innovate the environmental protection system and mechanism. We will continue to push forward the historic transformation of environmental protection, take reform and innovation as the driving force, actively explore a new road of environmental protection with low cost, good benefits, low emissions and sustainability, implement economic policies conducive to environmental protection, continuously enhance environmental protection capabilities, improve environmental management systems and working mechanisms, and strengthen leadership and assessment of environmental protection work.

　　　　The Opinions put forward a series of innovative measures. In terms of implementing economic policies that are conducive to environmental protection, the Opinions propose to strictly implement the electricity price policy for flue gas desulfurization in coal-fired power plants, formulate the electricity price policy for denitrification, and give priority to online access for renewable energy power generation, waste heat power generation and waste incineration power generation. Implement differential electricity prices for industries with high energy consumption and high pollution, and implement preferential policies for encouraged enterprises such as sewage treatment, sludge harmless treatment facilities, desulfurization and denitrification facilities and garbage treatment facilities in non-power industries; In terms of environmental responsibility investigation, the Opinions put forward that illegal acts such as starting construction without approval of environmental impact assessment documents, making major changes without authorization during construction, and putting into production without environmental protection acceptance should be investigated for the responsibility of management departments, related enterprises and personnel according to law, strengthening environmental law enforcement supervision and establishing law enforcement responsibility system; In terms of strict environmental management methods, the Opinions put forward that the EIA procedures must be strictly implemented, and the total discharge index of major pollutants should be taken as the precondition for the EIA approval, and the total discharge of industries should be controlled, so as to improve the environmental access standards and emission standards of key industries, and to formulate and revise relevant laws and regulations, and resolutely prohibit the new expansion and reconstruction of projects that increase the total discharge of heavy metal pollutants in key prevention and control areas; In the development of environmental protection industry, the Opinions proposes to increase policy support, expand market demand, encourage the establishment of environmental protection industry development funds through multiple channels, and broaden financing channels for environmental protection industry development. Implement advanced and applicable technology research and development, technical equipment and demonstration projects, and focus on the development of environmental services.Encourage the use of green signs and environmental certification requirements.

　　　　Box 5: Twelfth Five-Year Plan of National Environmental Protection

　　　　In order to promote the scientific development of China’s environmental protection during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period, the State Council issued the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Environmental Protection in December 2011. The 12th Five-Year Plan of national environmental protection is an important part of the 12th Five-Year Plan. The Plan takes improving the basic environmental public service system as a key task. By promoting the coordinated development of regional environmental protection, improving the level of rural environmental protection, and strengthening the ability of environmental supervision, it strives to narrow the gap between regions, urban and rural areas in the ability of harmless treatment of sewage and garbage and the ability of environmental monitoring and evaluation, effectively ensuring the safety of drinking water sources in urban and rural areas, so that all citizens can obtain basic environmental public services that are compatible with the level of economic and social development and have roughly equal results. For the first time, the Plan takes strengthening the prevention and control of environmental risks in key areas and maintaining environmental safety as a strategic task, aiming at solving the problem of environmental security in the process of industrialization by improving institutional policies and improving the system of prevention, early warning, response, disposal and recovery. First, strengthen the basic system construction of environmental risk prevention and control. Carry out national environmental risk investigation and assessment, deepen environmental risk management measures, strengthen the foundation of environmental risk management, and improve the security system of full prevention and control. The second is to include heavy metals and chemicals in the focus of risk prevention and control. Strengthen the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in key industries and regions, intensify the elimination of toxic and harmful chemicals, strictly supervise the chemical environment, and strengthen the prevention and control of chemical risks. The third is to comprehensively strengthen nuclear and radiation safety work.Vigorously improve the safety level of nuclear and radiation, improve the safety level of nuclear energy and nuclear technology utilization, strengthen nuclear and radiation safety supervision and radioactive pollution prevention and control. Fourth, vigorously promote the treatment and disposal of solid waste from the perspective of preventing environmental risks of hazardous waste. We will comprehensively promote the prevention and control of hazardous waste pollution, intensify the prevention and control of industrial solid waste pollution, and improve the level of domestic waste treatment.

　　According to the websites of the Taiwan Affairs Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council, with the approval of the CPC Central Committee, it was decided to launch a national commendation activity for advanced collectives and individuals working in Taiwan. Guided by the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the New Era, the selection work thoroughly implements the important exposition of the Supreme Leader’s General Secretary on Taiwan’s work and the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee on Taiwan’s work, meets the important instructions of the Supreme Leader’s General Secretary on "loyalty to the party, professionalism and strict discipline", and strictly implements the procedures of grassroots recommendation and "two trials and three publicity". According to the standards of strong leadership, good team building, outstanding work performance and good response from the masses, 20 units including Taiwan Province Work Office of Xicheng District Committee of the Communist Party of China were selected as "advanced collectives in the national Taiwan work system", and 50 comrades including Jin Xiuqing were selected as "advanced individuals in the national Taiwan work system" according to the standards of excellent political quality, outstanding professional ability, exemplary compliance with the system regulations and recognition by cadres and the masses.

　　Carrying out the national commendation activities for Taiwan’s work system fully reflects the great importance attached by the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core to Taiwan’s work, and the cordial care and encouragement for all comrades in the Taiwan work system. Under the guidance of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era, all comrades in the work system for Taiwan should fully implement the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Plenary Sessions of the 19th Congress, unite more closely around the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, further strengthen the "four consciousnesses", strengthen the "four self-confidences" and achieve the "two safeguards", and constantly improve political judgment, political understanding and political execution. Take the commended units and individuals as examples, learn from the advanced, strive to be the advanced, always adhere to the political character of loyalty to the party, professional expertise and strict discipline, and always maintain the spirit of taking responsibility, pioneering and pioneering, so as to promote the peaceful development and integrated development of cross-strait relations, promote the process of peaceful reunification of the motherland and contribute to the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　Annex: 1. Advanced collective of the national Taiwan work system

　　2. Advanced individuals in the national Taiwan work system

　　The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Taiwan Province Work Office Taiwan Province Affairs Office of the State Council

　　October 15, 2021

　　Annex 1

　　Advanced collective of the national Taiwan work system

　　Taiwan Province Work Office of Xicheng District Committee of CPC Beijing Municipality

　　Taiwan Province Work Office of Tianjin Binhai New Area Committee of CPC

　　Taiwan Province Work Office of Qiqihar Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China

　　Party Committee of Taiwan Province Work Office of CPC Shanghai Municipal Committee

　　Taiwan Province Work Office of Huaian Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China

　　Taiwan Province Work Office of Jiaxing Municipal Committee of CPC

　　Taiwan Province Work Office of Hefei Municipal Committee of CPC

　　CPC Xiamen Haicang District Committee, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao Work Office

　　Taiwan Province Work Office of CPC Nanchang Municipal Committee

　　Shandong Province Ji ‘nan Jiyang District Taiwan Economic Development Service Center

　　Publicity Office of Taiwan Province Work Office of CPC Henan Provincial Committee

　　CPC Huangshi Municipal Committee Taiwan Province Work Office

　　Dongguan Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao Work Office

　　Haikou Taiwan Province Affairs Office

　　Taiwan Province Work Office of CPC Lanzhou Municipal Committee

　　The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Taiwan Province work office secretariat.

　　Department of Utilization of Foreign Capital and Overseas Investment of National Development and Reform Commission (Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan Office) Overseas Investment Division 4

　　Department of International Cooperation and Exchange of Ministry of Education (Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan Office) Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan Office

　　Taiwan Province Office of Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao Department of Commerce

　　Association of Medical Exchanges Across the Taiwan Straits

　　Annex 2

　　Advanced individuals in the national Taiwan work system

　　Jin Xiuqing (female)Director of the Second Division of the Taiwan Affairs Office of Beijing Municipal Committee, Deputy Secretary of the Party Committee and Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission.

　　Jia YufeiChief, Comprehensive Section, Taiwan Affairs Office, Haidian District Committee, Beijing

　　Liu YuDeputy Director of the United Front Work Department of Tianjin Heping District Committee and Director of the Taiwan Affairs Office of the District Committee

　　Han minghuiChief, United Front Work Section, United Front Work Department, Xingtai Municipal Committee, Hebei Province

　　Feng Yanqin (female)Deputy Director of Yuci District People’s Government Office, Jinzhong City, Shanxi Province, Director of District Taiwan Affairs Office

　　Shi hongbinChief of Section 6 of United Front Work Department of Wulanchabu Municipal Committee of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

　　Liu WeiminDirector of Party Committee Office (Secretariat) of Taiwan Affairs Office of Liaoning Provincial Committee

　　Ma PengfeiDirector of Taiwan Exchange and Communication Department and Taiwan Propaganda Department of United Front Work Department of Jilin Municipal Committee, Jilin Province

　　Sun YichangFirst-level Director of Liaison Office of Taiwan Affairs Office of Shanghai Municipal Committee

　　He Wenqian (female)Shanghai Taiwan compatriots service center publicity and exchange section management level 8 staff

　　Hu Jinmei (female)Director of the Secretariat of Taiwan Affairs Office of Nanjing Municipal Committee of Jiangsu Province

　　He Rongrong (female)Director of Taiwan Affairs Office of Kunshan Municipal Committee, Jiangsu Province

　　ZhujiangchuanDirector of Taiwan Affairs Office of Beilun District Committee, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province

　　Huang xuemingDeputy Director, Changxing County Committee Office, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province

　　Wu Zhoumei (female)Director of Taiwanese Business Service Center in Maanshan City, Anhui Province

　　Chen Shaocong (female)Director of Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office of Taijiang District Committee, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province

　　Chen YuzhongChief of Liaison Section, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office, Quanzhou Municipal Committee, Fujian Province

　　Wu JialiangDeputy Director of Jinxi County Committee Office, Fuzhou City, Jiangxi Province

　　Liu Bing (female)Chief, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Section, Taiwan Affairs Office, Huangdao District Committee, Qingdao, Shandong Province

　　Li Na (female)Chief, Taiwan Province Affairs Section, United Front Work Department, Jingzhou Municipal Committee, Hubei Province

　　RongyiDirector of Taiwan Compatriots Reception Office, Zhuzhou City, Hunan Province

　　Li Jia (female)Head of Foreign Affairs, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan Province Affairs Group, Xiangtan County Committee Office, Xiangtan City, Hunan Province

　　Lin QingheDirector of Taiwan Affairs Office of Zhongshan Municipal Committee of Guangdong Province

　　Deng Hongping (female, Zhuang nationality)Executive Deputy Minister and Director of Taiwan Affairs Office of the United Front Work Department of Longlin Autonomous County Committee, Baise City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

　　Jiang Xin (female)First-level Director of Personnel Secretariat of Taiwan Affairs Office of Chongqing Municipal Committee

　　Zhang tongChief of Liaison Section, Taiwan Affairs Office, Yuzhong District Committee, Chongqing Municipality

　　Chen ZhilongSecond-level Director, Comprehensive Research Division, Taiwan Affairs Office of Sichuan Provincial Committee

　　Wang liancaoChief of Taiwan Economic Section, Taiwan Affairs Office, Yibin Municipal Committee, Sichuan Province

　　Wang Ruoyi (Miao nationality)Chief, United Front Work Section, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, United Front Work Department, Anshun Municipal Committee of Guizhou Province

　　Zhao Chunli (female)Chief, Taiwan Affairs Section, United Front Work Department, Baoshan Municipal Committee, Yunnan Province

　　Liu ChangfengDeputy Director of Taiwan Province Work Department of United Front Work Department of Xizang Autonomous Region Party Committee

　　Wang Ling (female)Taiwan Province Affairs Section Chief, Taiwan Affairs Office, Ankang Municipal Committee, Shaanxi Province

　　Qiang Ying (female)Director of Taiwan Affairs Office of United Front Work Department of Yan ‘an Municipal Committee of Shaanxi Province

　　Ye Qing (female, Tu nationality)Third-level Chief Clerk of Comprehensive Section (Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan Affairs Section) of Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office of Xining Municipal Committee, Qinghai Province

　　Wang Yang (female)Deputy Director of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan Affairs Office of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Committee

　　Cha Rong (female)Third-level Director of Economic Exchange Department of Taiwan Affairs Office of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Committee

　　Chen Lijuan (female)Section Chief, United Front Work Department (Taiwan Affairs Office), Shihezi Municipal Committee, Eighth Division, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps

　　Lu YulinFirst-class director of the research department of the Taiwan Affairs Department of the Liaison Office of Hong Kong

　　Wang XinFirst-level Director of Propaganda and Research Department of Taiwan Affairs Department of Liaison Office of Macao.

　　Xiao Mingjuan (female)Director of the Second Division of the Research Bureau of the Taiwan Affairs Office of the Central Committee

　　Tan Cai (female)First-level director of the Party Committee Office of the Taiwan Affairs Office of the Central Committee

　　Chen Xiaoxing (female)Senior Editor, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan Department, Overseas Edition of People’s Daily

　　Liu Chaonan (female)The Taiwan Affairs Office of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions manages seven-level staff.

　　Luo Yanwen (female)Secretary of the Communist Youth League Committee of Kunshan Economic Development Zone, Jiangsu Province

　　Li yujunProject Director of China International Science and Technology Exchange Center

　　Xu RongkunAssistant to the second-level judge of the trial court of Taiwan-related cases in Xiamen Intermediate People’s Court, Fujian Province

　　Zhao Ying (female)Technical Director of China Institute of Electronic Technology Standardization

　　Xia yongxingDeputy Chief of the Office of National Security Corps of Chongqing Public Security Bureau

　　Fu Shuangqi (female)Senior reporter of Xinhua news agency’s foreign news editorial department

　　Chen xuanshiReporter of Chinese Global Program Center of Central Radio and Television General Station

"Since the 1960s, the light industrial products produced in Shanghai have experienced unprecedented prosperity in the next 30 years, just like the sudden arrival of midsummer, the irresistible bright sun."

In the memory of Chen Danyan, a Shanghai writer, once all China sneakers were the best-looking warrior in Shanghai, all China butterscotch was the most fragrant white rabbit in Shanghai, and all China quilts and quilts were more respectable and solid in Shanghai. Gradually, Phoenix brand bicycles replaced British Blue Ridge bicycles, Butterfly brand sewing machines replaced American Singer sewing machines, and Shanghai brand films replaced European and American Aikefa and Kodak. A foreigner will take home all the daily necessities he bought in Shanghai. The travel bag he uses is light and strong, with the skyline of the Bund printed on it. The bag is also from Shanghai and is called "Shanghai Brand".

It is these local brands in Shanghai that jointly safeguarded the decency of Chinese people’s daily life in the last century. Now it’s been 30 years, what about those old brands in Shanghai? Since the second half of 2019, Chen Danyan has successively investigated the history and present situation of 40 old brands of light industry in Shanghai, and found that some of them have opened up a new world in line with the trend of the times, some have disappeared in the years, and some have struggled to make ends meet. As a supplement to the new edition of Shanghai in Chen Danyan, this part is presented in an independent chapter.

On February 25th, "What’s Shanghai like in Chen Danyan?" The sharing meeting will be held in the library. Looking at Chen Danyan’s "Shanghai brand all-steel watch", "Butterfly brand sewing machine", "Phoenix brand bicycle" and "Jinxing brand TV set" released in PPT, the readers were full of enthusiasm. Some of them are Shanghai natives, and they talk about what they saw when they were children. Some came from other places, saying that her parents had recalled the scene of shopping in Shanghai when they got married, and the couple specially came to Shanghai to buy a pair of Shanghai brand watches when she got married; Some were German students who came to China in the 1970s, and he still brings back several big bags of white rabbit toffee at the request of German relatives and friends. Others even suggested that Shanghai should set up a museum of light industrial products, and display all the old objects produced in Shanghai one by one, so as to jointly commemorate the time when materials were scarce but practical and romantic.

The life of an era

In fact, these 40 old brands can be found in Chen Danyan’s works. In Shanghai’s nonfiction trilogy (Shanghai’s romance, Shanghai’s golden branches and jade leaves, Shanghai’s legacy of beauty) and the Bund’s nonfiction trilogy (The Bund: Images and Legends, The Maze of Public Gardens, Becoming a Peace Hotel), Chen Danyan intentionally or unintentionally left many detailed and accurate information about objects.

For example, The Bund: Images and Legends published in 2008 wrote: "Her fiance bought a full set of high-quality household items in the Friendship Store for her family: Shanghai brand all-steel watch, Butterfly brand sewing machine, Phoenix brand bicycle and Venus brand TV set." Another example is: "Countless quilts with blue uniforms and red flowers are flying in the wind, and sometimes you can see the pure wool blanket of Phoenix brand, weaving a pattern of small flowers on all sides of a big flower group. That was the most conspicuous blanket of the year, because it was the blanket laid on the bed when Jinjiang Hotel received the President of the United States. "　

"When I first wrote these six books, I didn’t expect that one day, I would get to the bottom of these old Shanghai brands that appeared in the books. At that time, they were written in detail, mainly because they were non-fiction works and demanded more details than novels. When I did a good job of research and wrote a sentence of comments for them, I found that we could gain insight into the face of Shanghai living in that era. " Chen Danyan told The Paper that they are not only the material life of Shanghainese, but also the spirit of Shanghai.

In the process of investigation, she found Huang Mingxu, the former party secretary of Shanghai Pencil Factory No.2, to check the historical materials. Huang Mingxu is over the age of seventy, and he doesn’t know much about computers. However, he was very excited when he learned about Chen Danyan’s purpose, and told her that he would definitely help her, because no writer had ever asked him to know about the history of light industry in Shanghai-even though it was a glorious history.

Huang Mingxu is still the editor-in-chief of Shanghai Light Industry Chronicle, and he is in charge of tracing the history of Shanghai Light Industry.　

"Most of these old Shanghai brands emerged around the 1960s. At that time, everyone had a strong desire to contribute more to the construction of this country." Later, Chen Danyan discovered that there was an almost naive optimism, a kind of temperament of "let’s paddle" desperately. This spirit and temperament are shown in bright blue, red, yellow and changeable green. Especially for the use of green, grass green reminds people of the genuine trousers of teenagers in the 1970s, while gray green reminds people of the special green in the Shanghai Month brand.

"Shanghai is a city that maintains and respects daily life, but its spirit has always had the ideal of being one in the world and walking side by side with Britain and the United States." Chen Danyan said.

A simple and naive beauty

In Chen Danyan’s view, Shanghai’s light industrial products and handicrafts have actually provided a socialist city lifestyle in the long process of urbanization transformation in China. However, after the reform and opening up, the lifestyle brought by China’s own handicrafts and light industrial products, as well as people’s thinking and practice in daily life, gradually disappeared from the products provided by supermarkets and luxury goods markets all over the world.

Let’s talk about the "Shanghai bag" that is all the rage. With the gradual opening of the luggage market in 1990s, brands all over the world sold in Chinese mainland, and Shanghai brand bags were gradually discontinued. When Chen Danyan began to look for its trademark right, it found that "Shanghai Brand Bags" did not exist and could not register trademark patents. Later, she went to find its manufacturer, and also found the Shanghai Leather Luggage Factory, which was the most likely and should be the manufacturer in that year. But no one in the whole factory knew the production details, except that it was the planned economy era in Shanghai when this kind of bag was sold nationwide, and the Shanghai Light Industry Bureau sent orders to various factories in Shanghai for production, and the products were uniformly distributed and sold by the state.　

Many other old brands that have existed so far have also changed from the original "trendy benchmark" to "standard for middle-aged and elderly people". "At that time, the economic life was not developed, and the product first pursued practicality and durability, and then it was fashionable and beautiful." So she thought, is it possible to make those once popular products fashionable and beautiful, and make them become brands acceptable to everyone, especially young people?

In this way, Chen Danyan began his first attempt-redoing the bag printed with the word "Shanghai". In The Bund: Images and Legends, she once wrote about this kind of Shanghai brand bag: "The sketches of the skyline of the Bund buildings were printed on all kinds of artificial leather bags produced in Shanghai from 1960s to 1980s for the first time, and the word’ Shanghai’ was printed above the skyline. This style is simple, strong and durable, and it is equipped with zippered bags and travel bags. Because of its good quality, it is welcomed by Chinese. In the deep hinterland of China, it is a symbol of fashion. "

Chen Danyan’s new bag still uses the word "Shanghai", but it has made changes in shape and accessories to adapt to the current aesthetics, and has also made more explorations in material diversification. "When people see it at first sight, they will immediately feel that this is the bag my mother took when she was a child. This is the bag my father took when he was a child. There are very warm memories of our generation. I will think that when this bag is opened, it is the big steamed bread they brought back from the canteen, then the Reference News, and occasionally the white rabbit toffee. "　

"I think we can slowly leave the part of our lifestyle that has a common memory. They are urban heritages that are easier to disappear than buildings, but more likely to resonate. If we can do this, the lifestyle of this city is both economical and practical, as well as our simple and naive beauty. " She told the The Paper reporter, "I hope that our domestic products in Shanghai can return again and be regarded as the national trend by more young people. Only in this way can these old brands consciously adapt to the current aesthetics, not only satisfied with’ living’, but also pursuing’ living well’. "　

[Attachment] Notes made by Chen Danyan for Shanghai brand in Shanghai, Chen Danyan (part)

Shanghai brand watch

In July, 1955, the Shanghai Light Industry Bureau organized 58 masters in the watch industry in Shanghai to fight day and night for more than 50 days, and made 18 prototypes of fine horse and waterproof mechanical watches by hand, which should be regarded as the ancestor of China watches. In 1958, Shanghai Watch Factory officially established a factory and produced the first batch of Shanghai brand watches. On July 1st, 1958, Shanghai brand watches were listed in the third department store in Shanghai, and customers queued to buy them, which became a fashion in China for a while. In the late 1960s, the technicians of the watch factory selected a word "Shang" and a word "Hai" from Mao Zedong’s handwriting, and put them together into a hair style. This "Shanghai" trademark has been in use ever since. In the 1960s, Chinese, who wore a watch, had a Shanghai brand watch flashing "self-reliance" on every four wrists.　

Seagull license camera

In the early 1960s, China’s national defense, public security, news, medical care, scientific research, sports and other fields urgently needed domestic advanced SLR cameras. In the case of a rather weak industrial base, Shanghai Camera Factory was ordered to successfully develop the first advanced SLR camera in China-Shanghai DF-7 in 1964. As the first advanced SLR camera in China, Seagull camera has been well-known at home and abroad since 1960s. In that era when food and entertainment were scarce, owning a seagull license camera could make you the coolest person in Shanghai.　

Phoenix bicycle

Phoenix bicycle originated from Tongchang bicycle shop, the first bicycle shop in China in 1897, with a history of one hundred years. In May 1958, Shanghai No.3 Bicycle Factory was established, and the brand was born in the late 1950s. In the process of development, its technology is mainly independent research and development, pursuing innovation. In 2010, we reformed the system, built our own production base, and built a perfect production and supply system. Since the trademark "Phoenix" was marked on January 1, 1959, nearly 200 million consumers around the world have chosen Phoenix bicycle products.　

Butterfly sewing machine

In 1927, China’s first domestic sewing machine was born in Xiechang Sewing Machine Factory, named "Red Lion Brand". In 1940, "Red Lion" was renamed "Golden Lion". In 1946, the "Golden Lion Brand" was renamed as "Invincible Brand", which means "Beating the invincible hand in the world". In 1966, in order to avoid the suspicion of "four old" and to unify the names of Chinese and English trademarks in domestic and foreign trade, "Invincible Brand" was renamed "Butterfly Brand". In the 1970s and 1980s, it was a great honor for anyone to have a butterfly or bee sewing machine, and they were also the most important dowry for a married woman.　

Jinxing brand color TV

Jinxing brand color TV is a famous brand product of the former Shanghai TV Machine Factory (now Shanghai Radio and Television Group Co., Ltd.), which once had quite high praise and popularity. In 1978, the state approved Shanghai TV Machine Factory to introduce the first color TV production line in China. In October 1982, the color TV production line was officially completed, producing Jinxing brand color TV. Since then, Venus, as a landmark product in Shanghai, has won various national honors. In 2000, Jinxing brand color TV was eliminated in the market competition. In 2003, Jinxing brand color TV stopped production.

Baiyu toothpaste

Baiyu toothpaste is the oldest domestic toothpaste sold in the market so far, with a history of nearly 90 years, which is produced by Shanghai Toothpaste Factory. Its predecessor was China Chemical Industry Society founded in 1912. The first toothpaste in China-Samsung brand toothpaste is produced by this factory. In 1967, it was changed to Shanghai Toothpaste Factory, which is the birthplace of China Toothpaste Industry. Toothpastes with different names were produced all over China in 1950s, and most of them were obtained from Shanghai Toothpaste Factory.　

Taikang yellow card spicy soy sauce

At the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, the use of spicy soy sauce was extended from western food to other foods in Shanghai. Spicy soy sauce is used in fried pork chops in Shanghai western food and in Luo Songtang. Local food, such as raw fried steamed bread, ribs rice cake and dry fried hairtail, is sometimes dipped in spicy soy sauce. In 1933, Meilin Canning Co., Ltd. first produced spicy soy sauce in Shanghai, using Meilin brand Golden Shield trademark; In 1960, the spicy soy sauce product line of Meilin Canning Co., Ltd. was handed over to Taikang Food Factory for production, renamed as "Shanghai Spicy Soy Sauce" and changed to Jinji brand trademark. In 1990, the Golden Rooster brand of Taikang Factory was changed to Taikang Yellow Card and Taikang Blue Card. Taikang spicy soy sauce is still produced and sold in Shanghai.　

Sullivan cookies from Yimin food factory

Sullivan biscuit is a biscuit brand produced by American Sullivan Candy and Biscuit Co., Ltd., which was founded in 1922. Sullivan Company mainly produces and distributes candy, biscuits, bread and other foods, which are very popular in Shanghai. In 1954, Sullivan Company was renamed Shanghai Yimin No.4 Food Factory. Most of Sullivan biscuits were renamed Taikang biscuits and continued to be welcomed by the public. In 1997, Yimin No.7 Factory and other parts were reorganized into Shanghai Guanshengyuan Yimin Food Co., Ltd. to continue to produce biscuits and sweets.　

strauss

Shanghai is the birthplace of Chinese musical instrument manufacturing industry. Shanghai Piano Co., Ltd., founded in 1895, is the first piano manufacturing enterprise in China. In 1916, Strauss piano registered its trademark in Shanghai. In 1958, the first piano produced by China’s national industry, the Strauss piano, was born here. In 1963, the company presided over the drafting and formulation of the first piano industry standard in China.

Xinhua News Agency, Tokyo, July 25th (Reporter Gong Bing, Wan Pung Chow, Zhao Yan) The Tokyo Olympic Games, which was postponed for one year, finally opened, and the athletes who had been preparing for the war for five years finally had a chance to display their fists and feet. Whether it’s the joy of Sun Yiwen’s sword to seal his throat or the frustration of two-time Olympic champion Wu Jingyu who missed the medal, it’s all part of life.

Sticking to Tokyo is a blessing for athletes and even more so for sports.

The same is true for rowers, who are dormant for five years and released once. 522 athletes are competing in the Haizhisen Water Arena, which is located between two reclamation areas in Tokyo Bay. This figure ranks among the top in the number of individual athletes in the Olympic Games. Rowing, kayaking and sailing share the reputation of water-based sports (a total of 40 gold medals).

Rowing is not well-known in China, and people may still leave the impression that Tang Bin, Jin Ziwei, Xi Aihua and Zhang Yangyang won the first gold medal in rowing in China in the women’s quadruple sculls final at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. But rowing enjoys a high reputation in the international sports world, as well as in the Olympic Games.

Want to know the story behind the rowing boat? Let the reporter tell you the correct way to open the rowing boat.

Knowledge point 1: It has a long history.

Rowing originated in England. In 1775, Britain formulated the first competition rules and established a rowing club. In 1829, Oxford University and Cambridge University held the first inter-school rowing competition on the Thames, which is regarded as the origin of modern rowing, and this competition continues to this day.

Rowing was originally included in the first Olympic Games in 1896. Although it could not be held because of the weather, rowing has entered the history of modern Olympic Games. At the 1900 Paris Olympic Games, the men’s rowing competition was held. In 1976, the Montreal Olympic Games set up a women’s rowing event.

On July 20th, the men’s quadruple sculls of China rowing team were in training. Xinhua News Agency reporter Zheng Huansong photo

In 1892, the International Rowing Federation was established in Italy and became the first member of the International Olympic Committee. Coubertin, the second president of the International Olympic Committee and the father of the modern Olympic movement, was a rower.

Rowing is one of the earliest modern sports in China. In 1859, there was rowing in the modern sports competition held in Waitanyuan, the intersection of Huangpu River and Suzhou River.

Knowledge point 2: Evergreen

There is no fierce physical confrontation in rowing competition, rather than a contest between opponents, it is a process of surpassing oneself. Rowers often have a long sports career, and athletes who have participated in more than three Olympic Games can be found everywhere. They became famous when they were young, and they still galloped in the field when they were not confused.

Redgrave, a famous British rower, won gold medals in five consecutive Olympic Games. Olaf Tift, a 45-year-old Norwegian rower, appeared in the Tokyo Olympic Games, which was his seventh Olympic Games.

Knowledge point 3: the pearl in the crown

There are 14 events in the Olympic rowing competition, including single, double, four and eight events, including single paddle and double paddle, which not only tests individuals, but also competes with teams.

Among them, the best rowers often appear in the single sculls event, which is the only event that relies entirely on the athletes’ strong personal ability. Players who win Olympic gold medals usually enjoy heroic honors.

But to say who is the jewel in the crown, it must be an eight-person boat.

Eight-person boat is the only rowing event in the Olympic Games that retains the helmsman. Because rowers compete with their backs to the finish line, the helmsman becomes the only one facing the finish line, so the eight-person boat is actually a cooperative project of nine athletes. The helmsman is the soul of the team, controlling the direction, grasping the rhythm, judging the situation and inspiring teammates. The eighth position closest to the helmsman is often the core member of the eight-person boat, which controls the paddle frequency rhythm of the whole boat. The rowers in the middle are called power rowers, and they need to paddle powerfully to make the rowing boat move forward quickly. At the No.1 and No.2 positions near the bow, the rowers should keep the balance of the boat while rowing. Eight-person boat is the perfect combination of athletes’ individual ability and team spirit.

The eight-person boat has the fastest speed, the neatest cooperation and the strongest strength display in rowing. If you overlook the game from the air by aerial photography, the appreciation of the final of the eight-person boat can only be described in one word: awesome! The final of the eight-person boat has always been the finale of the Olympic Games.

On July 24th, the players of China team competed in the women’s eight-person single-paddle helmsman preliminary round. Xinhua News Agency reporter Zheng Huansong photo

Rowing competition is often fierce, and the medals in an Olympic Games are usually scattered. If you can win two or three gold medals, you will be regarded as a rowing power.

Knowledge point 4: aristocratic movement? Civilian movement?

In 1829, Oxford University and Cambridge University held the first inter-school rowing competition on the Thames, which was regarded by many as the origin of modern rowing. Since then, modern rowing has been inseparable from prestigious schools, which are closely related to the aristocratic class. Rowing is highly respected by the upper and middle class in Britain. This kind of team event requires tacit cooperation and etiquette of the players, as well as the support of family members. Rowing provides a social place for the upper class.

Different from the previous aristocratic and elite, rowing has become a national sport in Britain after entering the modern society. There are hundreds of rowing clubs in Britain, most of which are located in communities. Many British middle schools regard rowing as one of the important extracurricular activities for students.

In China, rowing is no longer as hard to reach as it used to be. There is a rowing club in Shunyi Olympic Water Park, and the holding of events such as land rowing, enterprise masters and prestigious schools has also stimulated people’s interest in rowing. On the one hand, rowing keeps its "aristocratic attribute" of respecting etiquette, on the other hand, it is accelerating the popularization and marketization, and the development space is increasingly broad.

Knowledge point 5: Olympic love

China rowing has won 1 gold, 4 silver and 4 bronze in previous Olympic Games, involving 23 athletes. Among them, the first medal was won in 1988, and the first gold medal was won in 2008. After 13 years, is China rowing expected to see gold again?

On July 20th, the women’s quadruple sculls of China rowing team were in training. Xinhua News Agency reporter Du Yiyi photo

Judging from the current situation, the women’s quadruple sculls team of China, the world champion in 2019, advanced directly to the finals of Group A in the Olympic preliminaries, and the lead over the second place in the group was as high as 4.30 seconds, so there is great hope for winning gold.

Editor: Wang Qinou, Yu Sihui, Zhao Jiantong and Zhang Yueyuan (internship)

Produced by Xinhua News Agency Tokyo Olympic Games Reporting Group

　　The number of scoring subjects in the middle school entrance examination was reduced to six, the scores of history, geography, chemistry and biology were presented in grades, the written examination of morality and rule of law was adjusted from closed book to open book, and the experimental operation of physics subjects was included in the senior high school entrance examination score … …

　　On September 26th, the Beijing Municipal Education Commission held a press conference to release and interpret the "Implementation Opinions on Further Promoting the Examination Enrollment Reform in Senior High Schools" (hereinafter referred to as "Opinions").

　　The scoring subject has been "greatly subtracted"

　　Li Wei, director of the Beijing Municipal Education Commission, introduced that this reform aims to continue to implement the requirements of the Ministry of Education on the junior high school level examination, which is "open for all subjects and use for all examinations". According to the characteristics of different disciplines, the junior high school level examination subjects are divided into three categories: examination, examination and assessment.

　　According to the requirements of the Opinions, the reform of the senior high school entrance examination will be implemented from the current eighth-grade students.

　　After the reform, the subjects of the senior high school entrance examination include morality and rule of law, Chinese, mathematics, foreign languages, physics, physical education and health. The scores of Chinese, mathematics and foreign languages are all 100 points, including 60 points for written foreign languages and 40 points for listening and speaking tests. Morality and rule of law score 80 points, including 70 points for written test and 10 points for comprehensive quality evaluation. Physical score is 80, including 70 for written test and 10 for experimental operation. The score of sports and health is 70 points, including 30 points for on-site examination and 40 points for process assessment.

　　The examination subjects include history, geography, chemistry and biology, and the grades are presented in grades, which are divided into A, B, C and D from high to low. The examination subjects are used for graduation and reference in further studies.

　　The examination subjects include information technology, art, labor and comprehensive practical activities, and the results are presented as qualified or unqualified for graduation and reference in further studies.

　　In terms of organization and implementation, the examination subjects will be unified by the whole city and graded by districts. The written examination of ethics and rule of law, Chinese, mathematics, foreign languages and physics is arranged in the second semester of grade nine. The physical education and health examination is implemented step by step in accordance with the Beijing Compulsory Education Physical Education and Health Assessment Scheme. The foreign language listening and speaking test adopts the computer test method, which is separated from the written test and has two test opportunities, which has not changed compared with the past.

　　Returning to subject accomplishment and doing "small addition"

　　It is worth noting that in the subjects of the reformed senior high school entrance examination, the written examination of morality and rule of law has been adjusted from closed book to open book, and the comprehensive quality evaluation has been included in the results of the senior high school entrance examination; Physics subjects include experimental operations in the results of the senior high school entrance examination.

　　Li Wei introduced that morality and rule of law should pay attention to students’ good moral quality and behavior development. Open-book examination is not to let students look up answers from books, but to give new situations, new materials and real questions. If the answers are reasonable, they will be given points. The physics experiment operation is included in the results of the senior high school entrance examination, aiming at guiding the cultivation of children’s practical ability and innovative consciousness through scene and experiential physics learning.

　　In this reform, history, geography, chemistry and biology were changed from examination subjects to examination subjects, and the results were presented in the form of grades. Li Wei introduced that the adjustment of examination subjects is comprehensively determined according to the subject characteristics, class schedule and course standard requirements of related subjects in junior high school. In junior high school, these four subjects are mainly to stimulate students’ interest in learning and cultivate subject thinking, thus laying the foundation for senior high school learning. The purpose of adjusting these four subjects into examination subjects is to get rid of the examination and return to the teaching itself, encourage teachers to better organize teaching activities from the characteristics of disciplines and students’ cognitive laws, guide students to maintain curiosity and thirst for knowledge, learn to find and solve problems in real situations, and have the ability to explore and innovative spirit.

　　Take multiple measures to ensure the effectiveness of the policy

　　Is it necessary to learn the subjects that are no longer included in the senior high school entrance examination results? Will it cause the separation of junior high school and senior high school subjects?

　　He Shanshan, a chemistry teacher in Beijing No.171 Middle School with 25 years’ teaching experience, told reporters that the reform of the senior high school entrance examination has adjusted the chemistry subject into an examination subject, reduced the burden of students’ examination, further promoted teachers and students to return to chemistry learning itself, and inspired teachers to better organize teaching activities from the characteristics of the subject and the cognitive laws of students. In view of how to do a good job in chemistry teaching under the background of senior high school entrance examination reform, He Shanshan suggested that experiments should be taken as the starting point to guide students to find and solve problems in experimental inquiry activities, build and use models, understand the ins and outs of knowledge, understand the subject thinking methods and develop innovative thinking ability. We should take practical activities as the carrier, explore the establishment of interdisciplinary and project-based learning methods, and make good use of the 10 interdisciplinary practical activities suggested in the new curriculum standard to stimulate students’ independent practical exploration spirit and learning enthusiasm.

　　According to reports, Beijing will further standardize curriculum teaching, requiring junior high schools to strictly implement compulsory education curriculum plans and curriculum standards, and must not arbitrarily increase or decrease class hours, change the difficulty, speed up the progress, and must not finish classes in advance to prepare for exams and strengthen supervision and evaluation; Further improve the quality of proposition, focusing on the ability of students to analyze and solve problems by using what they have learned; Further optimize the enrollment mechanism, combine the diversified development of high school, and deepen the organic combination of multiple evaluation methods and enrollment methods.

　　"At present, we are simultaneously improving the multi-channel and new carrier enrollment and training methods, deepening the reform and collectivization of running schools in district system, promoting the integration of talent training, and providing students with diversified ways of further studies and diversified growth paths." Li Wei said.

　　 　(Beijing, September 26 th, our reporter Dong Cheng)

CCTV News:China has been vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine since December last year. Up to now, it has been vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine for nearly 2.4 billion doses, and the vaccination rate of the whole population is in the leading position in the world. Clinical research results show that COVID-19 vaccine in China has good safety and effectiveness. Zheng Zhongwei, the head of the working group of vaccine research and development special class of the State Council Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism, recently responded to some hot issues about vaccination in an exclusive interview with CCTV reporters at the General Station.

At present, 13 COVID-19 vaccines have entered Phase III clinical trials in China, 4 COVID-19 vaccines have been approved for conditional marketing, and 3 COVID-19 vaccines have been approved for emergency use. Vaccine research and development and production have always been in the first phalanx in the world. At the same time, China regards the new crown vaccine as a global public product, and has provided more than 1.7 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccine to more than 110 countries and international organizations around the world.

COVID-19 vaccine in China has a significant effect on preventing severe illness and death.

A few days ago, the consultant of Chilean Ministry of Health published the world’s largest real-world study of COVID-19 vaccine for 10 million people in the New England Journal of Medicine. The results showed that the overall protection was 65.9% after 14 days of inoculation with the second dose of inactivated vaccine of Kexing Zhongwei, and the protection against hospitalization, severe illness and death was 87.5%, 90.3% and 86.3% respectively. According to the report of the Ministry of Health of Peru, 60,593 doctors were vaccinated with the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine of Sinopharm Group China, and the mortality rate after two doses of vaccination was reduced by 98%. The Argentine Ministry of Health issued a report that the overall death protection rate of people over 60 years old was 84% after being inoculated with two doses of China Bio-COVID-19 Inactivated Vaccine of Sinopharm Group.

Zheng Zhongwei, head of the working group of vaccine research and development special class of scientific research group of the State Council joint prevention and control mechanism:This judgment can also be made for some epidemic situations that occurred in China last year and this year. For example, Delta strain was the main virus strain that spread in China from Guangdong (May and June this year), from Guangdong, Jiangsu and Fujian to Inner Mongolia, Gansu and Qinghai. Although there were many outbreaks, the number of infected people and severe cases were completely different from those of last year’s Xinfadi in Beijing and Gaocheng in Shijiazhuang, Hebei. Therefore, the country has played a very important role in rapidly promoting mass vaccination from this year.

China has completed the preclinical study of inactivated Delta strain vaccine.

Real-world research shows that China’s vaccine has a clear effect on the infection caused by various main variants prevalent in different regions and the re-transmission after infection, and has a significant effect on preventing severe illness and death. Judging from the recent epidemic situation in China, the domestic vaccine is still effective against Delta strain. However, in order to be prepared, various vaccine research and development units have carried out a series of work for various mutant vaccines.

Make every effort to promote COVID-19 vaccine for the elderly.

At present, the vaccination rate of the whole population in China is leading in the world, but the vaccination rate of the elderly is relatively low, and the risk of COVID-19 infection among the elderly is much higher than that of the young. Therefore, at present, a key issue in promoting COVID-19 vaccination in China is to fully promote COVID-19 vaccination for the elderly, especially the very old.

Experts stressed that because the immune function of the elderly is relatively weak, the antibody level produced by people over 60 years old after vaccination is 18-mdash; The 59-year-old population is relatively low, and once infected, the proportion of severe and critical illness is higher. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that the elderly not only receive two doses of vaccine as soon as possible, but also strengthen immunization six months after completing the two doses of vaccination, in order to obtain better protection effect.

Inoculation with booster needle can enhance the prevention and control ability of mutant

At present, many countries have carried out the work of strengthening immunization, and China has also specially organized experts to demonstrate the strategy of strengthening immunization of vaccines in COVID-19. Studies have shown that after the third dose of inactivated vaccine is used to strengthen immunity, not only the antibody level is greatly improved, but also the ability to prevent and control various mutant strains is stronger.

Zheng Zhongwei, head of the working group of vaccine research and development special class of scientific research group of the State Council joint prevention and control mechanism:Strengthening (immunization) with the same technical route is relatively safer. After vaccination with different technical routes, the antibody level will be more improved, and some abnormal reactions and adverse reactions of the vaccinators may be higher, but this adverse reaction can be tolerated by the vaccinators.

China will launch different technical routes to strengthen immune combination.

The research shows that the same technical route and different technical routes can greatly improve the antibody level, and the safety is also clearly guaranteed. Zheng Zhongwei said that the next step will be to combine the results of clinical research, organize expert argumentation, and launch the optimal combination of enhanced immunization based on the principle of safety and effectiveness.

Original serious demographic gossip group serious demographic gossip

Author | Wang Han Ph.D. student in sociology, University of Saskatchewan, Canada

Editor | Zhao Menghan Associate Professor, Population and Development Research Center, Renmin University of China

After the outbreak of COVID-19, all aspects of our lives have been greatly impacted, and education is also an area that has been deeply influenced and changed. Due to the demand of prevention and control, face-to-face teaching was forced to stop. In order to solve the teaching problems of all kinds of students, especially those in the basic education stage, an upsurge of online teaching has been set off around the world since 2020.

Our country has also responded quickly in developing online teaching. As early as January 29, 2020, the Ministry of Education issued a notice: advocating the use of online platforms to achieve "suspension of classes without stopping teaching and learning", so as to gradually restore the order of education and teaching. Subsequently, major universities, primary and secondary schools responded to the call and began to implement online teaching. Although offline teaching was also carried out during the slow epidemic, it was not until this year that offline campus teaching was basically completely restored. It should be said that the implementation of online teaching not only protects the health of teachers and students, but also minimizes the impact of the epidemic on teaching activities.

Of course, the emergence and application of anything new has a complicated impact. There are many difficulties and challenges, but it also brings innovation and hope. With the small series, we will sort out and summarize the influence and enlightenment brought to us by the online courses in the next three years in stages.

Chapter 1

Past lives of online class

As a new teaching method, Internet teaching has two main ways: live teaching and recorded teaching. Live teaching is the real-time classroom teaching and interaction with the help of the network platform, such as the popular Zoom abroad, the Tencent conference commonly used in domestic universities, and all kinds of nails that are collectively scored low by primary school students. Live teaching is equivalent to "moving" the classroom to the network platform. Recording and broadcasting teaching means uploading course videos and related materials made in advance on the network platform for learners to view and learn by themselves. The pioneer of recording and broadcasting teaching is the famous Coursera, and there are similar platforms in China, such as Netease Open Class and China University MOOC.

In fact, before the epidemic, Internet teaching had a broad audience in China, mainly concentrated in college students and adult self-learners. Online courses are widely used in all kinds of postgraduate entrance examinations, overseas examinations and civil service examinations, which makes large-scale training and teaching possible. When Xiao Bian was preparing to go abroad for the exam n years ago, he participated in the GRE full-course and braille class of an institution. At that time, YY voice platform was adopted for online teaching.

Compared with adult learners, students in the basic education stage had less opportunities to contact online teaching before the "online class tide". For basic education, classroom education is not only a form of imparting knowledge, but also an important place for students to make friends and complete socialization. Therefore, compared with the online teaching of graduate students like Xiaobian, students and teachers in primary and secondary schools have encountered many problems in the process of accepting online teaching.

Chapter 2

Difficulties and challenges in online courses

The first challenge that online classes bring to teachers and students in primary and secondary schools is the technical problem. First of all, in terms of network and equipment, some students can’t get a stable network connection due to economic constraints, or they don’t have computers at home. Many students use mobile devices to attend online classes, which may damage their eyesight because of the small screen. In terms of acceptance, primary school students’ acceptance is greater than that of high school students, which may be related to the complexity of the teaching content.

Teachers also have similar network and equipment problems, but what teachers reflect more is their unfamiliarity with teaching software and lack of live broadcast experience. How to organize teaching and interaction in virtual environment is a big challenge for teachers, especially for older teachers, who need to spend more time getting familiar with and applying new technologies. The research points out that most primary and secondary school teachers have negative emotions such as "nervousness and anxiety" when they just turn to online teaching. After using it for a period of time, with the improvement of teachers’ mastery of new technologies, their self-confidence in online teaching has also improved significantly. Technology-related problems are obvious in the initial stage of online course application. With the increase of familiarity, most of the problems have been solved.

Compared with technical problems, the quality of online teaching is the focus of attention. In a nationwide survey of online classes in primary and secondary schools, most parents said that they didn’t recognize the effect of their children’s learning. The main reason was that parents thought that their children’s autonomous learning ability was poor, and they could not effectively supervise and restrain their children because the teachers were not present. Common problems such as absent-mindedness, inattention in listening, and inattention in completing homework. On social media, Xiao Bian also saw a post. A teacher opened the teaching software to check the homework, only to find that the homework photos uploaded by the students were net maps, and all the students uploaded the same photo. What’s even more outrageous is that in order to avoid the teacher’s discovery, some students added different filters to the photos, and when they saw the students’ "Sao operation", the teacher also said that he was speechless.

The classroom in colleges and universities needs more interaction and discussion between teachers and students, while in online courses, teachers and students lack opportunities for face-to-face communication. The form of online teaching is like a "enough paper" for communication and interaction. Although it is only a thin layer, it is difficult to attract students to break it in class. Without asking to turn on the camera, many students are confused, lying down and listening to classes while walking, and the learning effect is naturally not good.

In addition, due to the differences of students’ family environment and family relationship, online teaching will amplify the influence of family background on students. Children from wealthy families will have a better learning environment and a better learning effect than children from low-income families. Therefore, how to improve the teaching quality of online teaching for students in compulsory education stage is a subject worth studying in the future.

Chapter 3

Surprises and opportunities brought by online courses

The popularity of online teaching has promoted the development of internet teaching technology, innovated teaching methods and promoted the development of various online teaching platforms and software. As a nail, the school-based function is convenient for teachers to check and correct homework and improve teaching efficiency. In the process of developing online courses, teachers have innovated teaching methods and accumulated teaching experience supported by new technologies.

Although some students are even more reluctant to participate in interaction in online classes, due to the absence of the Internet, some students who are usually silent in the classroom can participate in classroom interaction more actively after switching to the Internet platform, which is also a pleasant surprise in online teaching.

In the process of online teaching, parents’ participation in their children’s education has increased significantly. Due to the absence of teachers, parents assume the role of supervision and management of their children, which gives many parents who are usually busy with their work and less involved in their children’s studies an opportunity to get to know their children better. In the process of supervising and tutoring children’s homework, the interaction between parents and children has also increased significantly, which is helpful to improve family relations (of course, when the academic performance is not good, it will also have the opposite effect).

The popularity of online courses has also greatly enriched Internet educational resources. In the past, some teaching resources that were difficult to retrieve on the Internet can now be easily found on various platforms, which will help reduce the cost of education and give everyone a more equal opportunity to obtain educational resources. Some things that you used to have to take remedial classes can now be found on the Internet. At the same time, the online teaching resources have realized "paperless" teaching and learning, which is conducive to saving resources and protecting the environment.

More importantly, the popularity of online courses is a new opportunity for friends who are interested in lifelong learning and improve themselves through self-study. For example, on Coursera, you can hear courses from top universities in the world, such as Harvard University and University of California, Berkeley, and most of them are provided free of charge. If your English is not very good, there are many Chinese Coursera courses for you to choose from in Netease open class. The bridge of the internet allows many people who have no chance to study abroad to dream of famous schools. The popularity of online courses is a great boon for lifelong learners.

To sum up, although online education has encountered some difficulties and challenges in the initial stage of application, it is very valuable in the long run. Online teaching not only promotes the innovation of teaching technology, but also greatly enriches educational resources; It greatly reduces the cost of receiving education, is conducive to the popularization and sinking of knowledge, and improves the overall quality of the people. Therefore, in the future, as educators, we should pay more attention to the value of online education and focus on solving the problems found in the teaching process, so that online education can benefit a wider group.

References:

Pokhrel, S., & Chhetri, R. (2021). A literature review on impact of COVID-19 pandemic on teaching and learning. Higher education for the future, 8(1), 133-141.

Zhang Huirong, Zhu Yuqiong, Nianchuang, & Xiong Zhangxiao. (2020). Online teaching in primary and secondary schools under major epidemic: opportunities, challenges and countermeasures. Curriculum. Teaching methods, 40(5), 58-63.

Tang Xueping,&Li Chen. (2021). Analysis of public awareness of online teaching in primary and secondary schools during the COVID-19 epidemic. Distance education in China.

Zhang Binglin, Fu Rui,&Li Dingding. (2020). Rational Thinking on Webcast Teaching in Post-epidemic Period. Curriculum. Textbook. Teaching Method, 40(6), 73-80.

Original title: "Do you miss the online class for three years? 》

Read the original text

After Henan Xinye Textile Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "*ST Xinfang" or "Xinye Textile") was put on file by the Securities and Futures Commission on March 21st, the regulatory authorities dealt with it strictly and promptly. In just over a month, the case quickly ushered in new progress.

*ST Xinfang announced on the evening of April 28th that the company received the Notice of Administrative Punishment in advance (hereinafter referred to as the Notice) on the same day, and the company was suspected of inflating, inflating operating income, inflating operating costs, inflating inventory and inflating R&D expenses, resulting in false records in the annual report from 2016 to 2022, and it was planned to be fined 42.5 million yuan. Wei Xuezhu, then chairman of the company, and Xu Qinzhi, then director, deputy general manager, then chief financial officer and secretary of the board of directors, were proposed to be banned from the securities market.

On the same day, the company issued an announcement about the delisting risk warning of the company’s shares being superimposed. The above matters may touch the situation of major illegal forced delisting, and the company’s shares may be subject to major illegal forced delisting. The company’s shares will be superimposed to implement delisting risk warning from April 29, and the company’s shares do not need to be suspended.

Market participants believe that the regulatory authorities intend to punish *ST Xinfang severely and quickly, which means that the concept of strict supervision and strict management is being effectively implemented in regulatory enforcement actions, releasing a heavy signal of cracking down on financial fraud. With the continuous improvement of the level of supervision, strict supervision and management will make the offenders who tell lies, make false accounts and hide the truth "both human and financial" and make the counterfeiters "unable to escape".

Suspected of financial fraud for 7 consecutive years

According to the Notice, Xinye Textile is suspected of inflating and deflating its operating income, inflating its operating costs, inflating its inventory and inflating its research and development expenses, resulting in false records in its annual report from 2016 to 2022.

Among them, in 2016, Xinye Textile inflated its operating income by 327,573,820.56 yuan, reduced its operating cost by 176,566,869.05 yuan, inflated its research and development expenses by 145,689,276.86 yuan, and inflated its total profit by 358,451,412.75 yuan, accounting for the total profit disclosed to the public in the current period.

In 2017, Xinye Textile inflated its operating income by 415,186,873.41 yuan, reduced its operating costs by 113,588,173.09 yuan, inflated its R&D expenses by 161,430,520.00 yuan, and inflated its total profit by 367,344,526.50 yuan, accounting for 115.5% of the total profit disclosed to the public in the current period.

In 2018, Xinye Textile inflated its operating income by 791,260,794.64 yuan, inflated its operating costs by 324,203,622.72 yuan, inflated its R&D expenses by 182,711,331.72 yuan, and inflated its total profit by 284,345,840.20 yuan, accounting for 65.77% of the total publicly disclosed profits in the current period.

In 2019, Xinye Textile inflated its operating income by 1,214,828,839.70 yuan, inflated its operating costs by 447,174,451.37 yuan, inflated its research and development expenses by 184,918,136.28 yuan, and inflated its total profit by 582,736,252.05 yuan, accounting for the total profit disclosed to the public in the current period.

In 2020, Xinye Textile inflated its operating income by 1,033,879,498.96 yuan, inflated its operating costs by 486,224,705.51 yuan, inflated its research and development expenses by 156,715,336.95 yuan, and inflated its total profit by 390,939,456.50 yuan, accounting for the total profit disclosed to the public in the current period.

In 2021, Xinye Textile inflated its operating income by 666,637,035.70 yuan, inflated its operating costs by 92,364,075.25 yuan, inflated its R&D expenses by 163,025,099.78 yuan, and inflated its total profits by 411,247,860.67 yuan, accounting for 1,013% of the total publicly disclosed profits in the current period.

In 2022, Xinye Textile inflated its operating income by 1,258,233,157.95 yuan, inflated its operating costs by 1,919,295,821.13 yuan, inflated its R&D expenses by 101,186,735.00 yuan, and inflated its total profit by 762,249,398.18 yuan, accounting for the current period.

The CSRC believes that the above-mentioned behavior of Xinye Textile is suspected of violating the provisions of Article 63 of the Securities Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) revised in 2005 (hereinafter referred to as the Securities Law of 2005) and the second paragraph of Article 78 of the Securities Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) revised in 2019 (hereinafter referred to as the Securities Law), which constitutes the first paragraph of Article 193 of the Securities Law of 2005 and Article 100 of the Securities Law.

The proposed fine is 42.5 million yuan.

According to the facts, nature, circumstances and social harm of the illegal acts of the parties concerned, combined with the special circumstances that the illegal acts span the application of the old and new Securities Law, and according to the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 197 of the Securities Law, the CSRC intends to impose a fine of 42.5 million yuan on the company and related responsible persons.

Among them, it is planned to order Xinye Textile to make corrections, give a warning and impose a fine of 10 million yuan;

It is proposed to give a warning to Wei Xuezhu and impose a fine of 5 million yuan;

It is proposed to give Xu Qinzhi a warning and impose a fine of 4 million yuan;

And impose corresponding penalties on other parties.

Image source: company announcement

Strict supervision and management, and heavy punches are also reflected in the precise attack on the "key minority." According to the Advance Notice of Administrative Punishment and Market Prohibition, Wei Xuezhu was then the chairman of Xinye Textile, and organized and planned the illegal information disclosure involving a long time and huge amount, which seriously disrupted the order of the securities market. According to the relevant regulations, the CSRC intends to decide to ban Wei Xuezhu from the securities market for life.

As director, deputy general manager, then chief financial officer and secretary of the board of directors of Xinye Textile, Xu Qinzhi organized and implemented financial fraud according to Wei Xuezhu’s instructions, and the circumstances were serious. According to the relevant regulations, the CSRC intends to decide to ban Xu Qinzhi from the securities market for 10 years.

Financial fraud touches the bottom line of the capital market and must be resolutely cracked down. Recently, the CSRC has repeatedly stressed that it will continue to strengthen the supervision of listed companies, crack down on financial fraud, illegal occupation and other illegal acts, and effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of investors.

The responsible comrades of the relevant departments of the CSRC said that in the next step, the CSRC will strengthen joint efforts with various regions and departments to build a comprehensive punishment and prevention system to combat financial fraud, focusing on cracking down on five types of behaviors. First, long-term systematic fraud and third-party cooperation fraud, for the planners and helpers of fraud, we must seriously pursue responsibility and resolutely break the "ecological circle" of fraud. The second is the fraudulent issuance of stocks and bonds. We must resolutely keep counterfeiters out of the capital market and resolutely remove those who have mixed in. The third is the financial "bathing" behavior of abusing accounting policies and accounting estimates and adjusting profits at will. The fourth is the act of counterfeiting through financing trade, "idling" and "taking orders". Fifth, a series of fraudulent acts accompanied in the process of encroaching on the interests of listed companies and hollowing out listed companies.

Facing multiple delisting risks

It is noteworthy that the company also faces multiple delisting risks.

On the evening of April 28th, the company issued an announcement about the delisting risk warning of the company’s shares being superimposed, and the company received the Notice on the same day. According to the "Notice", it is found that Xinye Textile has illegal facts such as inflated business income, inflated business cost, inflated inventory, inflated research and development expenses, inflated profits and so on. The aforementioned matters may touch on the situation of forced delisting due to major violations of laws, and the company’s shares may be forced to be delisted due to major violations of laws. At present, the company is verifying the illegal facts and financial data of the Notice, and the final result is subject to the formal decision. The company will continue to pay attention to and disclose relevant information in time after receiving the formal punishment decision.

There are other risks of termination of listing in the company’s stock. On the evening of April 28th, the company announced that the matters that caused the company’s 2022 financial report to be unable to express opinions by audit institutions included: correction of accounting errors in the previous period, major defects in internal control of financial reports, and major uncertainties related to going concern. The company’s 2023 annual financial report is intended to be issued by the audit institution with non-standard opinions, thus touching the delisting situation.

At the same time, according to the relevant regulations, listed companies that only issue A shares in Shenzhen Stock Exchange will be terminated if the daily closing price of their shares is lower than that of 1 yuan for 20 consecutive trading days. As of the disclosure date of this announcement, the closing price of the company’s shares has been lower than that of 1 yuan for 18 consecutive trading days. If the closing price of the company’s shares is lower than that of 1 yuan for 20 consecutive trading days, the company’s shares will be terminated from listing, and investors will be reminded to pay attention to investment risks.

Up to now, the company has not disclosed the 2023 annual report. According to the suggestive announcement issued by the company on April 26 on delaying the disclosure of the 2023 annual report, the 2023 annual report of the company postponed the disclosure date to April 30. According to the company’s announcement on April 28th, the company’s 2023 annual financial report is intended to be audited by an audit institution with non-standard opinions, thus touching the delisting situation. From this calculation, the company may first touch the financial delisting index.

"The above-mentioned cases have released the heavy signal that the CSRC insists on cracking down on financial fraud. Through this case, we find that securities supervision and law enforcement is by no means a "three cups of fines", let alone a "break the money to avoid disaster" and get rid of it once. It will help to rebuild a good market ecology by attacking counterfeiters who try their own laws and hitting "don’t dare to do it again", which will make them learn a lesson and remember for a long time, especially for vicious illegal acts such as financial fraud. Lv Chenglong, an associate professor at Shenzhen University Law School, thinks.

Lv Chenglong also said that at present, with the start of a new round of delisting reform, the number of "delisting contacts" for financial fraud has increased. Among them, the revision of the delisting rules proposes to strictly apply the scope of major illegal delisting, lower the threshold for two years of financial fraud to trigger major illegal delisting, and add one year of serious fraud and years of continuous fraud delisting. "In the future, these measures will help build a safe, standardized, transparent, open, dynamic and resilient capital market." Lv Chenglong said.

On August 20th, Feng Rong Zhen was sentenced to 12 years’ imprisonment by Fangchenggang Intermediate People’s Court for gambling. @ Guangxi News Network

Fangchenggang, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, with its back to the southwest and facing Southeast Asia, has experienced rapid economic development and rapid urban construction in recent years with its special geographical advantages along the coast. With the large-scale development of urban construction, corruption has also been quietly bred. Feng Rong Zhen, former chairman and general manager of Fangchenggang Urban Construction Investment Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Urban Investment Company), embarked on the road of corruption in the process of urban road construction. Feng Rong Zhen’s bribery case, which was investigated and prosecuted by Fangchenggang City Procuratorate, was recently pronounced by the court in the first instance. Feng Rong Zhen was sentenced to 12 years’ imprisonment for accepting bribes of 4.93 million yuan and confiscated 500,000 yuan of personal property.

The road has been transformed into a "road to collect money"

Beibu Gulf Avenue (formerly Xinggang Avenue) in Fangchenggang City is the main road of the city. It comes out of the toll station in Fangchenggang City and directly enters Beibu Gulf Avenue. In order to meet the needs of urban development, in 2010, Fangchenggang Municipal Government decided to completely transform the original Xinggang Avenue to improve the overall taste of the city.

Fangchenggang City Investment Company is a wholly state-owned enterprise invested and established by the municipal government. Its business scope mainly includes: construction investment and management of urban infrastructure projects, comprehensive development of real estate, wholesale and retail of building and decoration materials, nursery stock management and greening project undertaking, etc. It is also the owner of the above-mentioned Xinggang Avenue reconstruction project. Feng Rong Zhen, the chairman and general manager of the company, holds the important decision-making power in the construction, project payment, completion acceptance, project settlement and other aspects of the project, and is of course the object of public relations of many bosses of the project construction party.

In two blocks of road reconstruction project from Yuluoling to Daoshuiao on Xinggang Avenue, a construction engineering company is the contractor, and Ma is the manager of the contractor. Feng Rong Zhen and Ma know each other because of their business ties. In order to get Rong Zhen’s attention, Ma often sends some gifts to bring them closer together.

One night in May 2011, Ma called Feng Rong Zhen and said that he would send some tea, and agreed to meet him at Taoyuan Street in the port area. Rong Zhen drove to Taoyuan Street and stopped. When Ma saw that Rong Zhen’s car arrived, he came to Rong Zhen’s car with a schoolbag and said, "Mr. Feng, this is the tea I gave you." Say that finish and left. Holding this heavy schoolbag, Feng Rong Zhen knew it well. When he opened it, he found that there was RMB cash in 100 yuan denomination, and each bundle was bound with plastic tape, making a total of 1 million yuan in cash.

Why did Ma send 1 million yuan in cash? There is not much communication between them. Afterwards, Feng Rong Zhen said: Maybe because I am the chairman and general manager of the city investment company, I will send money to me in order to get my care in the construction, project payment, completion acceptance and project settlement of the project. However, Ma has never verbally asked me for any care and help, and I have never deliberately taken care of or made things difficult for Ma or the construction party in my work. In Feng Rong Zhen’s view, even accepting money, as long as it is not deliberately taken care of at work, is not a bribe.

As a matter of fact, Feng Rong Zhen took care of the construction party in the process of organizing two blocks of projects, and received a total of 1.47 million yuan from Ma, the person in charge of the construction party, for six times.

In addition, Feng Rong Zhen also took care of the construction party in other bid projects, and received 560,000 yuan and 200,000 yuan from two other construction party leaders, Yang and Liu, five times.

The reconstruction project of Xinggang Avenue has become a "way to collect money" for Rong Zhen. After the completion of the project, there are serious quality problems, especially the section from Yuluoling to Daoshui ‘ao. Not long after the renovation, the pavement is pitted and uneven, which seriously affects the travel of citizens and the overall image of the city. The masses are quite complaining about this.

Bonded Logistics Center in Fangchenggang City

Building a "road network" is good for "fishing" money

In the process of urban construction in Fangchenggang City, "road network engineering" is a word with high frequency. The owners of major road network engineering such as "three horizontal and two vertical" road network engineering in the administrative center area and the road network engineering in the municipal bonded logistics center are all Fangchenggang City Investment Company. As the head of the company, Feng Rong Zhen will naturally receive many "sugar-coated shells".

One afternoon before the Spring Festival in 2010, Liu, the owner of the road network project, called to meet Rong Zhen. After the meeting, Liu took out two bags of things from the car and put them in the trunk of Rong Zhen’s car. He said, "Mr. Feng, this is 2 million yuan in cash, of which 800,000 yuan was returned to you by a friend of yours, and the other 1.2 million yuan is my own gift." Liu left after he finished speaking.

Rong Zhen didn’t say much and didn’t check the money, so he took it back to Fangchenggang and lent it to his brother to run his personal business. Feng Rong Zhen knows very well that the money came entirely for his own rights. Liu is the manager of the construction party of Fangchenggang’s "three horizontals and two verticals" road network project and Fangchenggang Bonded Logistics Center road network project. Liu wants to be taken care of in terms of project construction, project payment, completion acceptance and project settlement before sending this 1.2 million yuan.

After verification, in addition to the above-mentioned road network project, Feng Rong Zhen took care of the construction party in the process of organizing the construction of a bid section of North-South Avenue, the earthwork project of Fangchenggang Vocational Education Center, the Bailu Park project, and the road reconstruction project of Yuluoling-Daoshuiao section of Xinggang Avenue, and received a total of 2.5 million yuan from Liu, the person in charge of the construction party, three times.

Feng Rong Zhen not only lavished money on big projects, but also spared some small projects. Feng Rong Zhen gave convenience to the project contractor in the process of purchasing and installing weak current system engineering equipment for Fangchenggang City Investment Company’s comprehensive building project, and accepted 100,000 yuan; In the process of building a bid section of Dongwan Avenue in Fangchenggang City, he gave convenience to the project contractor Yang and accepted 100,000 yuan in cash.

500,000 yuan of stolen money was donated to my hometown.

In 2014, the procuratorate of Fangchenggang launched a massive special campaign to crack down on duty crimes in state-owned enterprises. During this campaign, nine people, including Feng Rong Zhen, chairman and general manager of Fangchenggang City Investment Company, and Zhang Hengyu, deputy general manager, were investigated for criminal responsibility.

Feng Rong Zhen was born in an ordinary family in Gongcheng County, Guilin. He was determined to get ahead from an early age, and then he was admitted to the university through hard work and worked as a postgraduate. Because of his outstanding work performance, Feng Rong Zhen had a smooth career path. At the age of 31, he was appointed as the director of Fangchenggang Fangcheng District Construction Bureau. Before he was 40, he became the chairman and general manager of Fangchenggang Urban Construction Investment Co., Ltd., a member of the party group of the Municipal Development and Reform Commission, and the deputy director and deputy director of the municipal major project construction office. Because of the struggle as a child, Feng Rong Zhen has a deep affection for his hometown, and he never forgets what he can do for his hometown. In fact, Rong Zhen also took action, but in a shameful way.

In the process of investigating Feng Rong Zhen’s case, when tracing the whereabouts of the stolen money, a sum of stolen money attracted everyone’s attention: from 2010 to the end of 2013, Feng Rong Zhen invested about 500,000 yuan in building bridges, roads and Little Square in his hometown of Gongcheng County, and the money was paid by his brother Feng.

The 4.93 million yuan illegally accepted by Feng Rong Zhen was mainly used for buying houses, investing in mining partnerships and personal consumption, in addition to investing in public welfare undertakings. Feng Rongzhen spent 1.4 million yuan to buy a property in Nanning at the end of 2009; In 2012, in my hometown of Gongcheng County, I invested 500,000 yuan to mine in partnership with my relatives.

In the investigation stage, the case-handling organ recovered 489,000 yuan from Feng Rong Zhen’s bank account and stock account, and recovered 100,000 yuan from others, and his relatives withdrew 300,000 yuan from the court during the trial stage, and a total of 889,000 yuan was withdrawn before and after Feng Rong Zhen.

On February 2nd this year, Feng Rong Zhen’s suspected bribery case was heard in the Fangchenggang Intermediate People’s Court. Facing the accusation of the procuratorate, Feng Rong Zhen confessed his criminal facts. Because he voluntarily surrendered himself and truthfully confessed his criminal behavior, he pleaded guilty with a good attitude and withdrew part of the money, the court finally gave him a lighter punishment and made the above judgment according to law.

When the gavel fell, Feng Rong Zhen’s expression was dim, and his hard work and high spirits were all gone with a verdict.

　　BEIJING, Beijing, January 22 (Reporter Shangguan Yun) "The sound of firecrackers is one year old, and the spring breeze warms Tu Su." Another Spring Festival is coming, and people greet the long-awaited Lunar New Year with rich and varied festival customs.

　　Meng Lingfa, an associate professor at chongqing technology and business university College of Law and Sociology, mentioned in an exclusive interview with Zhongxin.com that the Spring Festival reflects the exchange between the old and the new in natural time and space, and has a beautiful meaning of getting rid of the old, praying for the good fortune, giving thanks first and reuniting the family.

　　In fact, no matter how the customs change, the Spring Festival is always a reunion festival valued by Chinese, and it also reflects the profoundness and long history of Chinese excellent traditional culture from all aspects.

　　1. What is the meaning of the Spring Festival?

　　Spring Festival is one of the most important traditional festivals in China. As the saying goes, "one hundred years is the first" and "four seasons spring is the first", which reflects the exchange of old and new natural time and space.

　　Therefore, as a title of "Year", the Spring Festival has a beautiful meaning of getting rid of the old and spreading the new, praying for happiness, giving thanks and family reunion in various sacrificial ceremonies and celebrations.

　　In essence, "Chinese New Year" can also be regarded as a time period. In ancient times, there was no word "Spring Festival", but "the first day of the first month" was often called Yuanshuo, Yuanri, SGD, New Year’s Day, Zhengri, Yuanchen or Xinzheng.

　　Meng Lingfa said that until the Republic of China, "the first day of the first month" was named "Spring Festival" and it has been used ever since.

　　Second, why is the Spring Festival called Xinzheng?

　　Among the various names of the Spring Festival, "Xinzheng" has been widely used since the Sui and Tang Dynasties. For example, Meng Haoran’s poem "The New Year’s Eve will be a happy house in Zhang Shaofu" says: "The old plum blossoms sing, and the new Zhengbai wine bottle."

　　In Yuan Xi, an old story of Wulin, Zhou Mi of the Song Dynasty wrote: "As soon as you enter the new school, the lights are getting brighter." In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the name "Xinzheng" was also continued. In "Cold Swallow in Pingshan", a mountain man wrote: "Because I spent the New Year at home at the end of the year, Xinzheng got up and took office."

　　The title of "Zhengri" may have appeared in the Han Dynasty. In the Book of Beginners of Tang Xujian, four quotations from the Four People’s Moon Order of Han Dynasty said: "The first day of the first month is called Zhengri." Whether it’s a new day or a new day, these titles all reflect the ancient people’s understanding of the first day of the New Year.

　　In essence, these words have certain beautiful meanings. No matter which word is used to refer to "the first day of the first month", the concepts such as "new", "positive" and "yuan" embodied in it all show people’s time positioning for the beginning of a year and their recognition of Vientiane’s renewal.

　　Third, how to set the festival with the beginning of the year?

　　The Spring Festival can become a traditional festival in China, and it has experienced a long development process, which is also related to the choice of calendar.

　　According to Meng Lingfa, China has a very long history of observing images and giving time, but there are still differences from one dynasty to another, which has a direct impact on the tradition of observing festivals at the beginning of the year.

　　In ancient times, people took the Big Dipper as the benchmark, and determined that "bucket handle Huiyin" was Chunzheng and "beginning of spring, who built Zhengyin Moon", was the beginning of the year. This is exactly the method of the era of the main branch, or the star calendar.

　　Simply speaking, the first month of the summer calendar is in Meng Chun, the first month of the business calendar is in winter and December, and the first month of the week calendar is in winter and November. After Qin unified the six countries, the Qin calendar (Zhuan Xu calendar) was adopted, and the first month was set in October.

　　In the early Han Dynasty, the Qin calendar was used. By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, astronomers Tang Dou, Luo Xiahong, Deng Ping, etc., while absorbing the solar terms, made the "taichu calendar" and restored the first day of the spring of the summer calendar as the beginning of the year. This laid the time foundation for today’s Spring Festival, and Luoxiahong, a native of Langzhong, Sichuan, became the "first person in the Spring Festival" recognized by contemporary scholars and was regarded as the "grandfather of the year".

　　4. Why was "Nian" extended to the name of the year?

　　Nowadays, when people mention the Spring Festival, they always say "Spring Festival". Meng Lingfa explained that "Nian" belongs to the word "He", and Xu Shen wrote "Nian" as "Bang" in Shuo Wen Jie Zi, which means "which is the valley".

　　"Gu Liang Chuan Huan Gong Three Years" records that "all grains are ripe for years". Based on this, "year" has the meaning of "year achievement", that is, "one year’s harvest" Based on this original meaning, "year" gradually extended to the meaning of expressing time, and thus concepts such as "year festival", "age", "anniversary" and "age" appeared.

　　The same is true of the "year" of "Chinese New Year". As the so-called "spring planting", "summer hoeing", "autumn harvest" and "winter storage" go round and round, it is not difficult to understand that people regard "Chinese New Year" as a festival to celebrate the harvest.

　　In addition, "food is the most important thing for the people" and "community" and "millet" are extremely important to people, and in such an important period of the Spring Festival, posting Spring Festival couplets with the meaning of "bumper harvest", holding performances of "social fire" and "social drama", and praying for "good weather" and "bumper harvest" have become very important belief activities.

　　5. What is the relationship between New Year’s Eve and Spring Festival?

　　From the time point of view, New Year’s Eve is connected with the Spring Festival, but it has its origin, that is, "expelling diseases and ghosts". Han stone reliefs have "Nuo Opera Map", and Song Yi’s painting "Da Nuo Map" is proof.

　　Meng Lingfa explained that the original meaning of "except" is "transaction" and "evening" means "night", and this day is generally on the 30 th of the twelfth lunar month, commonly known as "the 30 th of the year" It is night people who "stay up all night", which is commonly called "keeping the old age".

　　Therefore, from its original meaning, it can mean "abandoning the old and welcoming the new" and "exorcising evil spirits and avoiding filth" on the last night of the year. Therefore, there are similarities and differences between Spring Festival and New Year’s Eve, and the former can also include the latter to some extent — — Folk custom says that "it is the year after Laba", and "Year" is called "Spring Festival" in modern and contemporary society.

　　In addition, according to different kinship, people go to relatives’ homes to pay New Year greetings at different times from the first day of junior high school. For example, in some places, they "return to their parents’ homes" on the second day of junior high school and "aunts and uncles" on the third day.

　　6. When does New Year’s Eve appear at the earliest?

　　People in China often refer to New Year’s Eve as "New Year’s Eve", which is called "New Year’s Eve" if it is a day or a night. In some areas, the day before New Year’s Eve is also called "New Year’s Eve".

　　From the perspective of classics, the appearance of "New Year’s Eve" may be much later than the Spring Festival. The earliest reference to "New Year’s Eve" in the existing literature is the "Records of Local Customs" written by the Western Jin and Zhou Dynasties. "On New Year’s Eve, if you don’t sleep, it is called keeping the year."

　　Most of New Year’s Eve falls on the 30th of the twelfth lunar month, but it also falls on the 29th of the twelfth lunar month. Meng Lingfa said that the traditional calendar in China is generally a combination of yin and yang, which considers both the sun and the moon, and the Big Dipper and the Twenty-eight Nights. However, in order to bridge the time difference between the sun, the moon and the stars, a flat year and a leap year were established.

　　Therefore, there are 30 days and 29 days in the last month of the lunar year, but there are more than 30 days.

　　Seven, why do you want to keep the age?

　　"Shounian" is also called "Shounian Fire", according to the age, etc. Simply put, after dinner, the whole family entered the first day of the first month from "New Year’s Eve" until dawn.

　　Meng Lingfa believes that one of the reasons for this custom may be that "Shounian" originated from ancient nature worship and people’s reasonable explanation of it. People take the behavior of "staying up late" to resolve the survival crisis brought by the imaginary "Nian beast".

　　In other words, people hope to build an invisible force in the span of two periods to drive away all evil diseases and epidemics, so as to realize the effective protection of family or collective members.

　　In a word, the custom of "keeping the old age" on New Year’s Eve mainly comes from a symbolic expression of people’s alternation between the old and the new, which embodies people’s perceptual cognition and treatment of the cyclical changes in natural time series, and gradually moves towards national entertainment.

　　8. What are the main customs of the Spring Festival?

　　During the Spring Festival, there are various festival customs, such as eating jiaozi, setting off fireworks, paying lucky money and visiting temple fairs.

　　After eating the New Year’s Eve dinner, I also took back the Kitchen God. When the first day of the first month, everyone went to visit relatives and friends as usual, and "Happy New Year" in turn. People put on their favorite new clothes, prepare refreshments and sweets, and entertain guests warmly.

　　In the old folk customs, from the first day to the seventh day, everything is exquisite every day, which is quite ceremonial.

　　Nine, why do you want to eat "five spicy dishes"?

　　Interestingly, some places eat "five spicy dishes" during the Spring Festival, which are cold dishes composed of five kinds of plants: raw leeks, raw onions, Polygonum cuspidatum, Polygonum cuspidatum and Artemisia scoparia, and some also use onions, garlic sprouts, ginger, peppers and mustard.

　　In the Southern Dynasties, Liang Zonggu’s Chronicle of the Age of Jingchu recorded: "Spring cakes, radishes and spiced spring plates are eaten in the New Year". It can be seen that the "five-spice plate" was widely distributed in Chu.

　　The "five-spice plate" is basically based on spicy dishes, and its homonym is "new", which means the beginning of a new year. In addition, eating "five spicy dishes" has the meaning of eliminating evil and diseases, and praying for "good health in the new year".

　　Ten, saying goodbye to the old and welcoming the new is the core topic of the Spring Festival?

　　"Thousands of families always change new peaches for old ones every day." Meng Lingfa said that "saying goodbye to the old and welcoming the new" is indeed the core topic of the Spring Festival. It can be said that most Spring Festival activities are inseparable from this.

　　Sticking Spring Festival couplets, door gods, etc. generally appear on New Year’s Eve (noon); The bowing in New Year’s greetings on the first day of the first month, the auspicious words when greeting each other, etc., can all show that both of them have the characteristics of "resigning the old and welcoming the new".

　　Meng Lingfa believes that, comparatively speaking, the "farewell to the old" attribute of New Year’s Eve is prominent, and the custom of the first day of the first month is more inclined to "welcome the new".

　　In his view, celebrating the Spring Festival is an important activity that China has inherited for thousands of years. We should pay attention to the role of traditional culture in the development of contemporary society, do a good job in the process of protection and inheritance, and better maintain the cultural identity function of traditional festivals. (End)