Recently, some media reported that online celebrity weight loss coffee cost 8 yuan, but it sold for 298 yuan. What is even more exasperating, however, is that coffee is actually a diet drug that was withdrawn from the market 10 years ago — — Sibutramine!

　　It’s almost the season of revealing meat, and it’s not too late to lose weight. Have you ever been tempted by those advertising slogans that advertise that you can lose weight quickly, burn fat instantly and lose 30 pounds a month? Pharmacists are here to remind you that those slimming foods such as slimming tea, weight loss coffee, and fat-burning capsules sold illegally are likely to contain drugs added illegally, which pose a health threat to the body. Don’t blind your eyes to all kinds of fancy weight-loss products, otherwise it is very likely that the more you lose weight, the worse your body will be.

　　What kind of "ghost" is sibutramine

　　Searching for "sibutramine" in Baidu, I found that sibutramine was added to many so-called diet foods. For example, "fat-burning slimming capsules", fruit and vegetable drinks (solid drinks) and fruit and vegetable slices with slimming effect.

　　Sibutramine is a central weight-loss drug, which can act on the central system, by inhibiting the reuptake of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, 5- hydroxytryptamine and dopamine in the body, so as to suppress appetite and reduce food intake to achieve the purpose of weight loss.

　　In 1997, it was approved for obesity in the United States, and it became a weight loss star for a while, so it was listed in China in 2000. After listing, China’s ADR center also monitored some adverse reactions, mainly headache, dry mouth, insomnia, dizziness and so on. In fact, it may not only affect the digestive system, nervous system, central and peripheral nervous system, cardiovascular system, etc., leading to endocrine and metabolic disorders, mental stress, sleep disorders and so on. But the most serious is the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiac arrest and so on, especially for patients with heart diseases such as coronary heart disease, arrhythmia, or already suffering from cerebrovascular diseases, the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular accidents is higher.

　　In view of the fact that sibutramine may increase cardiovascular adverse events after marketing, in 2002, the European Union launched a large-scale clinical study on the influence of sibutramine on cardiovascular safety after marketing, which was called "Sibutramine Cardiovascular Terminal Test", including the participation of many countries and regions such as the European Union and Australia. The research results published in 2010 show that the use of this drug can increase the serious cardiovascular risk. Thus, since 2010, the United States, the European Union and China have successively withdrawn sibutramine from the market.

　　Those "ingredients" lurking in diet foods

　　At present, some illegal sales of slimming tea and weight loss coffee claim that the products are very safe while promoting slimming, which makes many consumers put down their defenses. But in fact, these weight-loss products are likely to have serious health risks. Because products that are generally claimed to have the effect of fast weight loss, in order to make consumers lose weight, it is very likely that some drugs will be added illegally, mainly in these categories:

　　The most common way is to add appetite suppressants such as sibutramine, fenfluramine and its derivatives. These drugs mainly act on the central system of the brain to "pretend" to be full, reduce appetite and lose weight, but long-term use may affect the function of the heart and lungs, and cause symptoms such as palpitation and dyspnea, and increase the risk of pulmonary hypertension, myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest.

　　Add some laxatives such as phenolphthalein tablets (guide tablets), bisacodyl, etc. Take bisacodyl as an example, it is an irritating laxative, but long-term use may lead to chronic diarrhea, hypokalemia, secondary aldosteronism, and even metabolic alkalosis, myasthenia, renal tubular injury and so on.

　　Add some drugs to increase energy consumption, such as levothyroxine sodium, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, theophylline, and diuretics such as furosemide and bumetanide. These drugs seem to "lose weight" by increasing energy metabolism and discharging more water, but in fact they may only lose some water.

　　More importantly, taking these drugs without knowing it may bring harm to the body. For example, taking levothyroxine sodium for a long time may lead to drug-induced hyperthyroidism, and symptoms such as palpitation, emaciation and exophthalmos may occur. Excessive use of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and theophylline may cause arrhythmia, anxiety and myocardial infarction, and excessive use of diuretics may cause electrolyte disorders such as low potassium and sodium.

　　Other added drugs and some other drugs have also been detected in weight loss products, including fluoxetine and sildenafil. Many illegal weight-loss products contain not only one illegally added drug, but also two or more.

　　Pharmacists give you a prescription for healthy weight loss.

　　So is there a "safe" diet pill that allows us to reduce the meat easily? The answer is: not really. There is no product that claims to be safe to lose weight. No weight loss product is effective and has no side effects. Only a healthy diet plus adequate and moderate exercise is the safest and most effective way to lose weight. Here are three tips for losing weight safely.

　　Before you lose weight, calculate your BMI index. The specific algorithm is to divide your weight (kg) by the square of your height (m). If it is less than 24kg/m2, you don’t need to lose weight. If you are not satisfied with your body shape, you can shape it through fitness. If it is between 24 and 24-28 kg/m2, it is overweight; Above 28 kg/m2, you are obese, and you need to reduce it if you are overweight or obese.

　　It is suggested that only by adhering to a scientific lifestyle for a long time can we maintain our weight and reduce the rebound. Friends who need to lose weight and want to lose weight can go to the nutrition department of the hospital, ask a professional dietitian to give an individualized recipe, and then choose the exercise that they like relatively and suit them, and insist on exercising for a certain time every day.

　　If you need help with drugs, you can choose orlistat. At present, in China, the only drug with obesity treatment indications and approved by National Medical Products Administration is orlistat. However, orlistat itself has some adverse reactions, such as oily stool, increased stool frequency, abdominal pain and flatulence, which may also lead to liver injury, so please use it under the guidance of a doctor or pharmacist.

　　In addition, if you have diabetes at the same time, you can also choose hypoglycemic drugs, such as liraglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide, etc. For example, liraglutide has also been approved in the United States to assist patients with BMI above 27kg/m2 to lose weight. In addition, some drugs such as Dapagliflozin and Kaglinide can reduce blood sugar and weight at the same time.

　　Although everyone loves beauty, the road to losing weight is long and difficult, and there is really no shortcut. Scientific weight loss is the king.

　　Text/Song Zhihui (Beijing Tongren Hospital)

Environmental protection status

　　　　First, the development of environmental protection in China

　　　　Since the 1970s, China’s environmental protection has made new progress, and experienced a process from scratch, from small to large, from constant exploration to gradual development, which can be roughly divided into three stages.

　　　　The first stage (1973-1993): point source control and system construction.

　　　　At this stage, by continuously strengthening the system construction and carrying out pollution control in key areas, China’s environmental protection has gradually embarked on the legal track.

　　　　In August 1973, the first national environmental protection conference was held in Beijing. In December, 1978, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China approved the Essentials of Environmental Protection Report adopted at the fourth meeting of the State Council Environmental Protection Leading Group. In September, 1979, "People’s Republic of China (PRC) Environmental Protection Law (Trial)" was promulgated, which legally required all departments and governments at all levels to consider environmental protection as a whole when formulating national economic and social development plans for the first time, providing legal guarantee for the coordinated development of environment and economy and society. People’s Republic of China (PRC) Water Pollution Prevention Law (May, 1984), People’s Republic of China (PRC) Air Pollution Prevention Law (September, 1987), People’s Republic of China (PRC) Grassland Law (June, 1985), People’s Republic of China (PRC) Water Law (January, 1988) and other individual laws and regulations on environmental protection have been formulated and promulgated one after another. In December, 1989, People’s Republic of China (PRC) Environmental Protection Law was formally promulgated and implemented. Since then, environmental protection law has become an important guarantee for China’s environmental protection and an important part of China’s socialist legal system. In 1990, the State Council issued the Decision on Further Strengthening Environmental Protection, emphasizing strict enforcement of environmental protection laws and regulations, taking effective measures to prevent and control industrial pollution according to law, and fully implementing eight environmental management systems, including the environmental protection target responsibility system, the quantitative assessment system for comprehensive improvement of urban environment, the pollutant discharge permit system, centralized pollution control, deadline treatment, environmental impact assessment system, the "three simultaneities" system and the sewage charge system.And put the implementation of environmental protection target responsibility system in a prominent position.

　　　　At this stage, China has made remarkable progress in the field of international cooperation in environmental protection. In 1984, the State Council Environmental Protection Committee was established, and the participation of environmental protection in international cooperation was further strengthened. China has signed environmental cooperation agreements with more than 30 countries, signed 15 agreements on nuclear safety and radiation environment cooperation, and participated in regional environmental cooperation meetings and actions such as Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Asia-Europe Meeting and Northeast Asia environmental cooperation. In 1992, China International Cooperation Committee on Environment and Development was established, which further expanded the depth and breadth of environmental protection’s participation in international cooperation. CCISUA has become an international cooperation platform that uses international intellectual resources to serve our government’s scientific decision-making, and has promoted the "two-way sharing" of China’s environmental protection experience with other governments and international organizations. In June 1992, Premier Li Peng of the State Council was invited to attend the summit of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development and delivered an important speech. In August of the same year, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council approved "Ten Countermeasures for Environment and Development in China" and issued "China Agenda for the 21st Century-China White Paper on Population, Resources and Development in the 21st Century". In March, 1993, the National People’s Congress Environment and Resources Protection Committee was established and put forward the "China Environment and Resources Protection Legal System Framework", and China’s environmental resources legislation entered a new stage.

　　　　With the rapid economic development, China’s environmental protection system, institutions and measures have been continuously developed and improved. The theoretical system of environmental protection with environmental protection as the core, the environmental protection system with the sewage charging system, the "three simultaneities" system and the environmental impact assessment system as the main body, and the legal system based on the Environmental Protection Law have been established one after another, laying the foundation for the next stage of large-scale environmental governance.

　　　　The second stage (1994-2004): river basin improvement and strengthening law enforcement.

　　　　In the early 1990s, China entered the first round of heavy chemical industry era, the process of urbanization accelerated, urban life-style pollution intensified, and the structural, compound and compressed characteristics of environmental pollution began to take shape. With the extensive and rapid development of economy, industrial pollution and ecological destruction are generally intensifying, and the problem of agricultural non-point source pollution is prominent. In some areas, environmental pollution and ecological destruction have restricted the sustainable development of economy and society and even posed a threat to public health.

　　　　This stage is an important period to strengthen law enforcement, comprehensively control pollution and protect ecology. On the basis of the formal preparation of the annual national environmental protection work plan in 1992, the five-year national environmental protection plan was formally prepared from the ninth five-year plan period, and the environmental protection plan was incorporated into the overall national economic and social development plan. Environmental protection has expanded from pure industrial pollution control to domestic pollution control, ecological protection, rural environmental protection, nuclear safety supervision, emergency response to sudden environmental incidents and other important fields, and gradually participated in the comprehensive decision-making of national economic and social development. In April, 1998, the State Environmental Protection Agency, which is directly affiliated to the State Council, was upgraded to the State Environmental Protection Administration. In June of the same year, the National Nuclear Safety Administration was merged into the State Environmental Protection Administration, and the internal organization was the Nuclear Safety and Radiation Environment Management Department (National Nuclear Safety Administration). Nuclear and radiation safety supervision became an important function of the environmental protection department. In order to better coordinate relevant departments to jointly promote environmental protection, the State Environmental Protection Administration took the lead in establishing relevant inter-ministerial joint conference systems. In March 2001, the first meeting of the national inter-ministerial joint conference on eco-environment construction was held. In July, the State Environmental Protection Administration established a national inter-ministerial joint conference system for environmental protection. In August, 2003, with the approval of the State Council, the State Environmental Protection Administration formally established the inter-ministerial joint conference system for the protection of biological species resources.

　　　　At this stage, the state put forward the general idea of focusing on key river basin areas in pollution prevention and control, taking key areas as a whole and promoting the national environmental protection work. In June, 1994, the State Environmental Protection Bureau, the Ministry of Water Resources and the four provinces of Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shandong along the Huaihe River jointly promulgated the first rules and regulations for the prevention of water pollution in major rivers in China-Decision on Preventing Sudden Pollution Accidents in the Huaihe River Basin (Trial). In August, 1995, the State Council promulgated the first watershed regulation in China’s history-the Provisional Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution in Huaihe River Basin, which defined the prevention and control objectives of water pollution in Huaihe River Basin. Driven by relevant laws and regulations, in 1996 alone, more than 4,000 "fifteen small" enterprises were closed in the Huaihe River basin. China’s Cross-century Green Project Plan, which was implemented in 1996, implements comprehensive treatment of watershed water pollution and regional air pollution by stages according to the basic principles of highlighting key points, technical and economic feasibility and giving full play to comprehensive benefits. By 2010, a total of 1,591 projects have been implemented with an investment of 188 billion yuan. The key areas for national pollution prevention and control during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period have been determined successively, namely, "Three Rivers" (Huaihe River, Liaohe River and Haihe River), "Three Lakes" (Taihu Lake, Dianchi Lake and Chaohu Lake), "Two Control Zones" (Sulfur Dioxide Control Zone and Acid Rain Control Zone), "One City" (Beijing) and "One Sea" (Bohai Sea), so as to concentrate on the key areas. At the same time, a new idea of environmental protection work of "one control and two standards" is put forward, that is, to control the total amount of pollutant discharge,The discharge of pollutants from industrial pollution sources should meet the national or local standards; The environmental quality of ambient air and surface water in municipalities directly under the central government, provincial capital cities, special economic zones, coastal open cities and key tourist cities respectively meet the relevant standards stipulated by the state according to functional divisions.

　　　　In the 1990s, China’s pollution control changed from focusing on end treatment to focusing on pollution source treatment, and cleaner production and circular economy developed rapidly. In 1997, the State Environmental Protection Bureau issued "Several Opinions on Promoting Cleaner Production", requiring local environmental protection departments to incorporate cleaner production into existing environmental management policies. In June, 2002, the 28th meeting of the 9th the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) passed the Cleaner Production Promotion Law. In addition, through the comprehensive use of environmental protection planning, the implementation of ISO 14000 environmental management system certification, strengthening environmental impact assessment, and gradually establishing an extended producer responsibility system, the whole process control of environmental management has been continuously improved and strengthened.

　　　　In November 1998, the State Council issued the National Ecological Environment Construction Plan and started a series of major ecological protection projects. In 1999, the pilot project of returning farmland to forest and grassland was carried out, and priority was given to returning farmland to forest in areas with ecological sensitivity and important ecological security status. In 2000, the national investment of 100 billion yuan in natural forest protection project was launched in an all-round way, focusing on the protection of natural forest resources in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River and the northeast. In December 2000, the General Office of the State Council issued the National Outline of Ecological Environment Protection. In March, 2002, the State Council approved the Tenth Five-Year Plan of National Ecological Environment Protection. In May, 2003, the State Environmental Protection Administration issued "Indicators for the Construction of Eco-counties, Eco-cities and Eco-provinces (for Trial Implementation)" to further deepen the construction of eco-demonstration areas.

　　　　At the beginning of the 21st century, water pollution in some river basins in China spread from local river sections to the whole basin, and major pollution incidents broke out intensively. Strengthening the prevention of sudden environmental incidents has become an important part of environmental protection at this stage. In March 2002, the State Environmental Protection Administration began to set up an environmental emergency and accident investigation center. In the face of increasing environmental emergencies, the state has formulated and improved a series of emergency plans related to water environment, atmospheric environment, hazardous chemicals (waste chemicals) and nuclear and radiation emergency plans in sensitive waters of key river basins. In 2005, the Chinese government formulated the "National Emergency Plan for Environmental Emergencies", which put forward clear requirements for information reception, reporting, processing, statistical analysis, early warning information monitoring and information release of environmental emergencies.

　　　　At the same time, China’s investment in environmental protection has increased rapidly, and the proportion of environmental protection investment in GDP has been increasing. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, China’s investment in environmental protection was 2.7 times that of the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, reaching 351.64 billion yuan. In 1999, the proportion of environmental protection investment in GDP exceeded 1.0% for the first time. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, environmental protection investment accounted for 1.19% of GDP in the same period. The growth of environmental protection investment has accelerated the construction of urban environmental infrastructure and improved the treatment rate of urban sewage and garbage. With the increasing attention of governments at all levels to pollution prevention and control work and the increasing investment in environmental protection, pollution prevention and control work has gradually shifted from the industrial field to cities, and the comprehensive improvement of urban environment has made positive progress.

　　　　The third stage (2005-present): full prevention and control, and optimized growth.

　　　　Since 2005, China has entered a period of high incidence of environmental pollution accidents, and environmental incidents have shown a trend of high frequency, wide geographical area, great influence and wide coverage. The problem of environmental pollution damaging human health has become increasingly prominent, and the group incidents caused by environmental problems have shown an accelerated upward trend. From 2005 to 2009, a series of major pollution incidents occurred successively, such as serious water pollution in Songhua River in Jilin, cadmium pollution in Beijiang River in Guangdong, cyanobacteria outbreak in Taihu Lake in Wuxi, Jiangsu, and arsenic pollution in Yangzonghai, Yunnan, which had a serious impact on regional economic and social development and public life, and environmental problems increasingly became major social problems.

　　　　In December 2005, the State Council issued the Decision on Strengthening Environmental Protection in Scientific Outlook on Development, which established the environmental protection purpose of putting people first and protecting the environment for the people, and became a programmatic document guiding the coordinated development of China’s economy, society and environment. The 11th Five-Year Plan outlines the strategic tasks and specific measures for building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society in view of the increasing pressure on resources and environment in China. In April, 2006, the 6th National Environmental Protection Conference was held in the State Council, and the strategic idea of "three changes" was put forward, which was "from attaching importance to economic growth and neglecting environmental protection to paying equal attention to environmental protection and economic growth, from environmental protection lagging behind economic development to simultaneous promotion of environmental protection and economic development, and from mainly using administrative measures to comprehensively using laws, economy, technology and necessary administrative measures to solve environmental problems". Since then, China’s environmental protection has entered a new stage of optimizing economic development by protecting the environment. In October 2007, the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China made the first ecological civilization construction a strategic task and the new goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way clear. In 2009, the study of China’s environmental macro-strategy put forward an important theoretical and practical proposition of actively exploring a new road of environmental protection in China. In 2011, the State Council held the seventh national conference on environmental protection, and issued the Opinions on Strengthening the Key Work of Environmental Protection and the Twelfth Five-Year Plan of National Environmental Protection, which laid a solid foundation for promoting the scientific development of environmental protection.

　　　　Two, "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, China’s environmental protection has made remarkable achievements.

　　　　(1) The task of pollution reduction was overfulfilled.

　　　　Energy conservation, emission reduction and environmental protection have become a highlight in the implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development. The State Council set up a leading group to deal with climate change and energy conservation and emission reduction, and issued the Comprehensive Work Plan for Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction. Local governments at all levels and relevant departments decompose and implement emission reduction tasks at different levels, strengthen responsibility assessment, and intensify structural emission reduction, project emission reduction, and management of emission reduction. In 2010, the total chemical oxygen demand and sulfur dioxide emissions in China decreased by 12.45% and 14.29% respectively compared with 2005, exceeding the emission reduction task. During the 11th Five-Year Plan period, the central government’s investment in environmental protection reached 156.6 billion yuan, nearly three times that of the 10th Five-Year Plan period, which drove the whole society’s investment in environmental protection to 2.16 trillion yuan, effectively pushing the construction of environmental infrastructure into the fast lane. A total of 2,832 urban sewage treatment plants have been built, with a daily sewage treatment capacity of 125 million tons and a new sewage pipe network of about 60,000 kilometers. The national urban sewage treatment rate has increased from 52% to 77%. A total of 578 million kilowatts of coal-fired desulfurization units have been built, and the proportion of desulfurization units has increased from 12% to 82.6%. A total of 76.825 million kilowatts of small thermal power units were shut down nationwide, and 120 million tons of ironmaking, 72 million tons of steelmaking and 370 million tons of cement were eliminated. In 2010, the proportion of I-III water quality sections in the national surface water monitoring section was 51.9%, an increase of 14.4 percentage points over 2005; The proportion of sections with inferior grade V water quality was 20.8%, which was 6.6 percentage points lower than that in 2005.The average annual concentrations of sulfur dioxide and inhalable particulate matter in urban ambient air in China decreased by 26.3% and 12% respectively.

　　　　(B) environmental protection on the transformation of the mode of economic development has gradually emerged.

　　　　The State Council issued the Decision on Strengthening Environmental Protection in Scientific Outlook on Development, the Eleventh Five-Year Plan for National Environmental Protection, and the Plan for National Major Functional Zones, making it clear that economic construction must meet the requirements of environmental protection. We will adjust and improve the catalogue of prohibited processing trade, cancel export tax rebates for more than 200 kinds of products with high pollution and high environmental risks, and refuse to increase loans for projects that do not meet the requirements of energy conservation and environmental protection. Complete the strategic environmental assessment of the development of key industries in five major regions, including Bohai Rim and Chengdu-Chongqing. Strictly control the "two high-tech and one capital", low-level redundant construction and overcapacity projects, and make decisions such as not accepting, suspending approval or not approving the environmental protection documents of 822 projects that do not meet the requirements, involving an investment of 3.18 trillion yuan. In-depth promotion of pollution prevention in key industrial sectors, strengthening environmental verification and post-inspection of listed companies, actively promoting cleaner production, vigorously developing circular economy, and promoting the transformation of economic development mode.

　　　　(3) Let the strategy of rivers and lakes rest and recuperate be comprehensively promoted.

　　　　Implement the interim measures for the assessment of the implementation of the special plan for the prevention and control of water pollution in key river basins, and establish a cross-provincial water quality assessment system. The completion rate of special planning projects for water pollution prevention and control in key river basins in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan was 87%, 22.8 percentage points higher than that in the Tenth Five-Year Plan, and the accumulated investment was 138.9 billion yuan. Strengthen the protection of drinking water sources, improve the water quality compliance rate of key cities to 84.8%, and solve the problem of unsafe drinking water for 215 million rural people. Promote marine environmental protection and implement the Bohai Sea Environmental Protection Master Plan. Organize the investigation and evaluation of ecological security of 12 key lakes and reservoirs, work out the ecological security guarantee scheme, and initially establish the technical system of ecological security management of lakes and reservoirs.

　　　　(4) The joint prevention and control mechanism for air pollution has been gradually established.

　　　　The General Office of the State Council issued guidance on promoting joint prevention and control of air pollution and improving regional air quality, which effectively guaranteed the environmental quality during the Beijing Olympic Games, the Shanghai World Expo and the Guangzhou Asian Games. Key clean energy projects such as "West-to-East Gas Transmission" and "West-to-East Power Transmission" were implemented. Compared with 2005, about 110 million tons of standard coal was replaced by new clean energy. Carry out clean energy transformation of coal-fired boilers in an all-round way, encourage the development of cogeneration and central heating, and the national central heating area exceeds 3 billion square meters. Strictly control the environmental protection standards of new vehicles and introduce subsidy policies to speed up the elimination of old vehicles. In 2010, the emission of new cars in China decreased by more than 90% compared with 2000.

　　　　(5) The centralized remediation of outstanding environmental problems such as heavy metals that harm people’s health has achieved initial results.

　　　　The General Office of the State Council issued guidance on strengthening the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution, and defined the objectives, tasks, work priorities and relevant policies and measures of heavy metal prevention and control. The central government added a special project to prevent and control heavy metal pollution. In 2010, it allocated 1.5 billion yuan to support the comprehensive prevention and control of key prevention and control areas and the demonstration and popularization of new technologies. The central budget was allocated to invest 52.5 billion yuan to support the construction of urban sewage and garbage treatment facilities, which led to local investment of more than 300 billion yuan, and the harmless treatment rate of urban garbage reached 72.4%, an increase of 20 percentage points over the end of the Tenth Five-Year Plan. Strengthen the environmental management of hazardous chemicals and eliminate nine pesticide persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as DDT and chlordane. Strengthen the supervision and management of urban noise environment and strive to solve the problem of noise disturbing people. More than 2 billion yuan was invested in the comprehensive improvement of chromium slag pollution, and 3.3 million tons of chromium slag accumulated in history were disposed of. Implementing the "trade-in" policy for household appliances, since 2009, more than 29 million used household appliances have been recycled.

　　　　(VI) Ecological protection and rural environmental protection were further strengthened.

　　　　The State Council established the China National Committee for the 2010 International Year of Biodiversity. The General Office of the State Council issued Opinions on Strengthening Rural Environmental Protection, Notice on Strengthening the Protection and Management of Biological Species Resources and Notice on Doing a Good Job in the Management of Nature Reserves. The State Council approved the publication of the Outline of the National Plan for the Protection and Utilization of Biological Species Resources (2006-2020) and the Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity Conservation in China (2011-2030). A total of 2,588 nature reserves have been established, covering an area of 1,494,400 square kilometers, accounting for 14.9% of the land area. The central government allocated 4 billion yuan to implement rural environmental protection "promoting governance with awards, replacing compensation with awards", supporting more than 6,600 villages and towns to carry out comprehensive improvement of rural environment and ecological demonstration construction, driving local investment of more than 8 billion yuan, and directly benefiting more than 24 million rural people. More than 1,000 counties (cities, districts) across the country have established ecological counties (cities, districts), 11 counties (cities) have built ecological cities and counties, and 18 ecological civilization construction pilots have carried out ecological civilization construction exploration, and the number of national organic food bases has reached 68.

　　　　(7) Nuclear safety and prevention and control of radioactive pollution have been steadily advanced.

　　　　The State Council promulgated the Regulations on the Safety Management of Radioactive Materials Transportation and the Regulations on the Safety Supervision and Management of Civil Nuclear Safety Equipment, and formulated a series of supporting administrative regulations and management guidelines. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, the safety performance of nuclear power units operating in mainland China was good, and the discharge of gaseous and liquid effluents was far below the national standard limit. The quality assurance system of nuclear power units under construction is operating effectively, and the technical level of engineering construction keeps pace with the international level; The research reactor is in a state of safe operation or safe shutdown. Nuclear fuel production, processing, storage and reprocessing facilities are kept in safe operation. Deepen the supervision of nuclear technology utilization, implement the whole process control of radioactive sources, carry out special rectification of radiation devices to prevent jamming sources, recover waste radioactive sources in time, and retire a number of old radiation devices, which improves the inherent safety level of radioisotope and radiation device utilization projects, effectively reduces the incidence of radiation accidents, and promotes the healthy and sustainable development of nuclear technology utilization industry. The design, manufacture, installation and nondestructive inspection of nuclear safety equipment are fully incorporated into nuclear safety supervision.

　　　　In recent years, the state has continuously strengthened the prevention and control of radioactive pollution. Early decommissioning of nuclear facilities and the treatment of radioactive waste left over from history have been steadily advanced; Build a number of medium and low level waste treatment facilities; Complete a number of closed uranium geological exploration, decommissioning of mining and smelting facilities and environmental improvement projects; The national centralized repository of waste radioactive sources and the temporary repositories of radioactive wastes in all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) have been basically completed; Establish a national radiation environment monitoring network and carry out supervisory monitoring of the surrounding environment of key nuclear facilities. The monitoring results show that the national radiation environment quality is good and the radiation level remains within the natural background fluctuation range. The average radiation dose of employees is far below the national limit.

　　　　(8) The system of laws, regulations and policy standards has been continuously improved.

　　　　The National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) has revised the Law on Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, enacted the Law on Promotion of Circular Economy, made relevant provisions on environmental protection in the Property Law, the Criminal Law Amendment and other relevant laws, and carried out supervision and inspection on the implementation of environmental protection-related laws such as prevention and control of water, air and solid waste pollution and cleaner production. The State Council promulgated eight administrative regulations on environmental protection, such as Regulations on Planning Environmental Impact Assessment and Regulations on Management of Waste Electrical and Electronic Products Recycling, introduced a series of policies, such as desulfurization electricity price, green credit and green securities, and carried out pilot projects such as paid use and trading of emission rights, ecological compensation and environmental pollution liability insurance. Government procurement of environmental labeling products was carried out. The national environmental protection standard system was initially established, with more than 1,300 existing standards.

　　　　(nine) to strengthen environmental law enforcement supervision and capacity building.

　　　　Every year, a special environmental protection campaign is launched to "rectify illegal sewage enterprises and protect people’s health". Since 2006, more than 80,000 enterprises with environmental violations have been investigated and dealt with, and 7,294 enterprises have been banned and closed. The information on environmental violations of enterprises has been incorporated into the bank credit information system. During the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, a total of 10.034 billion yuan of environmental protection budget was issued, 4.71 times that of the "Tenth Five-Year Plan". Full-caliber central environmental protection investment reached 156.4 billion yuan, nearly three times that of the tenth five-year plan. The central government arranged more than 7 billion yuan of special funds for emission reduction of major pollutants, supported the standardized construction of 52% county-level environmental monitoring stations nationwide, and initially established an environmental monitoring and pollution source automatic monitoring network. The first national survey of pollution sources and the study of China’s environmental macro-strategy were completed, and major scientific and technological projects for water pollution control and treatment achieved initial results.

　　　　(10) International cooperation in the environment has been gradually deepened.

　　　　During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, China’s international environmental cooperation achieved remarkable results. Negotiations on multilateral environmental conventions are progressing smoothly, the level of bilateral environmental cooperation has been comprehensively upgraded, and cooperation with international organizations has been continuously strengthened. Environmental cooperation has become an important part of bilateral cooperation such as the China-US Strategic and Economic Dialogue, the China-US Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade, and the China-Japan High-level Economic Dialogue, covering pollution prevention, ecological protection and nuclear safety. It has successively signed bilateral environmental cooperation agreements or memorandums of understanding with 35 countries including the United States, Japan, Canada and Russia, and carried out a number of environmental cooperation projects with more than 10 countries and international organizations including the European Union, Japan, Germany and Canada under bilateral free aid projects. Attach great importance to environmental cooperation and exchanges with developing countries, especially African countries, and promote "South-South" environmental cooperation. Actively participated in the institutionalization of regional cooperation, and successively led and participated in the mechanism of China-Japan-ROK Environment Ministers Meeting, Greater Mekong Subregion Environmental Cooperation Mechanism, ASEAN-China (10+1), ASEAN-China-Japan-ROK (10+3) Mechanism, Asia-Europe Environment Ministers Meeting Mechanism, China-EU Ministerial Dialogue on Environmental Policy and other cooperation.

　　　　III. Objectives and tasks of China’s environmental protection during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period

　　　　(A) the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" environmental protection objectives

　　　　By 2015, the total discharge of major pollutants will be significantly reduced, with the total discharge of chemical oxygen demand and sulfur dioxide reduced by 8% and the total discharge of ammonia nitrogen and nitrogen oxides reduced by 10% respectively compared with 2010. The environmental safety of drinking water sources in urban and rural areas has been effectively guaranteed, and the water quality has been greatly improved. The proportion of surface water quality in state-controlled sections is less than 15%, the proportion of water quality in state-controlled sections of seven major water systems is better than that in class III is over 60%, and the proportion of air quality in cities above prefecture level is over 80%. Heavy metal pollution has been effectively controlled, and the prevention and control of pollution such as persistent organic pollutants, dangerous chemicals and hazardous wastes has achieved remarkable results; The construction and operation level of urban and rural environmental infrastructure has been improved; The deterioration trend of ecological environment has been reversed; The ability of nuclear and radiation safety supervision has been significantly improved, and the level of nuclear and radiation safety has been further improved; The environmental supervision system has been improved.

　　　　(II) General requirements for environmental protection during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period

　　　　Guided by Deng Xiaoping Theory and Theory of Three Represents, we will thoroughly implement the Scientific Outlook on Development, adhere to protection in development and development in protection, take environmental protection as an important starting point for stabilizing growth and restructuring, give top priority to solving outstanding environmental problems that harm people’s health, carry out reform and innovation in all fields of environmental protection, strengthen institutional innovation and capacity building, deepen pollution reduction, prevent environmental risks and improve environmental quality. We will comprehensively push forward the historic transformation of environmental protection, actively explore new ways of environmental protection with low cost, good benefits, low emissions and sustainability, strive to achieve win-win economic benefits, social benefits and resource and environmental benefits, and promote long-term stable and rapid economic development and social harmony and progress.

　　　　(3) Carefully coordinating the four major events

　　　　First, actively explore new ways of environmental protection as the main body of practice, and enrich and improve the theoretical system of environmental protection. We will continue to deepen our understanding of promoting the historic transformation of environmental protection, allowing important ecosystems such as rivers and lakes to recuperate and build ecological civilization, deepening our understanding of the relationship between environmental protection and economic and social development, deepening our understanding of the laws of natural ecological environment succession, comprehensive pollution prevention and ecological environment management, and consolidating the theoretical foundation of environmental protection.

　　　　The second is to comprehensively construct the framework of environmental laws and regulations with the revision of the environmental protection law as the leading factor. Cooperate with the National People’s Congress to revise the Environmental Protection Law, focus on solving some local governments’ environmental protection responsibilities, insufficient judicial support, some systems that are not in line with the current reality and are not connected with individual laws and regulations, further strengthen the basic position and role of the environmental protection law, and comprehensively promote the construction of environmental protection laws and regulations, policy systems and environmental standards.

　　　　Third, take the introduction of the organizational regulations of the Ministry of Environmental Protection as an opportunity to rationalize and improve the environmental protection function and organizational system. Explore the implementation of a large-scale system with organically unified functions, and encourage qualified areas to carry out comprehensive reform of the environmental protection system. Strengthen nuclear and radiation safety supervision functions and team building. Further improve the system and mechanism of environmental monitoring and supervision, and strengthen the national environmental monitoring function. Implement the development plan of ecological environmental protection talents and strengthen the construction of environmental protection team.

　　　　Fourth, to complete energy conservation and emission reduction as the main task, and strive to promote the obvious improvement of environmental quality. During the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, the pollution reduction targets have been expanded from two to four, and the fields have been extended from industries and towns to transportation and rural areas. It is more difficult and stressful to accomplish the task of reducing pollution, and it is also a hot spot of social concern. It is necessary to continue to strengthen the three major emission reduction measures, to make room for structural emission reduction, to make potential for project emission reduction, to make benefits from management emission reduction, to resolutely complete the task of total reduction, and to promote the obvious improvement of environmental quality.

　　　　IV. Progress of China’s Environmental Protection Work in 2011

　　　　In 2011, the State Council held the seventh national conference on environmental protection, and issued Opinions on Strengthening the Key Work of Environmental Protection and the Twelfth Five-Year Plan of National Environmental Protection, which laid the foundation for the great development of environmental protection in the Twelfth Five-Year Plan.

　　　　(A) the role of environmental protection in promoting the transformation of economic development mode has been further strengthened.

　　　　In accordance with the unified arrangements of the central government, 14 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) were supervised and inspected to speed up the transformation of economic development mode, and policies and measures for environmental protection and pollution reduction were urged to be implemented, which effectively promoted the transformation of local mode and structure. The Ministry of Environmental Protection and the National Development and Reform Commission issued the Notice on Further Strengthening the Planning Environmental Impact Assessment, strengthening the environmental impact assessment, focusing on strengthening the planning environmental impact assessment in river basins, water conservancy and hydropower fields, and further improving the supervision ability of the whole process of construction project environmental impact assessment. In 2011, the Ministry of Environmental Protection approved a total of 291 project EIA documents, involving an investment of 1.46 trillion yuan. 44 projects with a total investment of nearly 250 billion yuan, involving "two highs and one capital", low-level redundant construction and overcapacity, were returned to the report, rejected or suspended for approval. 63 national environmental protection standards were issued to promote the upgrading of pollution prevention and control level in the industry and the adjustment of industrial structure. Strictly carry out environmental verification of key industries such as tanning, rare earth, steel, citric acid, monosodium glutamate, alcohol, starch, etc., announce the list of enterprises that meet environmental protection requirements, and promote the transformation of the development mode of rare earth industry. Through the organization of environmental verification of rare earth enterprises, the rare earth industry has been encouraged to invest more than 2 billion yuan in environmental protection. Strictly carry out environmental protection verification and post-inspection. In 2011, 88 companies that applied to the Ministry of Environmental Protection for listing environmental protection verification added a total of 9.97 billion yuan in environmental protection investment during the verification period, and completed 916 environmental protection projects.

　　　　(2) The emission reduction of major pollutants has been solidly promoted.

　　　　The compilation of the Plan for Prevention and Control of Air Pollution in Key Areas (2011-2015) requires the establishment of a joint prevention and control mechanism for regional air pollution with the aim of improving air quality and the coordinated control of multiple pollutants, so as to do a solid job in air pollution prevention and control in key areas during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period. Drawing lessons from the successful experience of air quality assurance in Beijing Olympic Games, Shanghai World Expo and Guangzhou Asian Games, we implemented joint prevention and control measures for regional air pollution, and successfully completed the air quality assurance task of the "Green Universiade". Promote the prevention and control of motor vehicle pollution, organize the implementation of the national four standards for light gasoline vehicles and heavy diesel vehicles and the emission standards for off-road mobile machinery, actively promote the low sulfur of motor vehicle fuel, organize the self-inspection activities of the national motor vehicle environmental inspection agencies, and go to nine provinces in six groups to conduct on-site inspections. Six major power groups, 16 pilot power plants and a total of 32 coal-fired units were selected to carry out the pilot work of preventing and controlling atmospheric mercury pollution in coal-fired power plants. Organize and complete the dynamic update survey of pollution source census in 2010, and form a pollution source emission database, which laid the foundation for determining the emission reduction base in the Twelfth Five-Year Plan. Formulate the total amount control plan of major pollutants in each region during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, determine the total amount control indicators in each region, and decompose the emission reduction tasks into specific projects. Shanxi, Hunan and other provinces list characteristic pollutants as binding indicators for emission reduction. At the Seventh Environmental Protection Conference, entrusted by the State Council, the Ministry of Environmental Protection signed a letter of responsibility for total emission reduction targets with provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps and relevant central enterprises.Continue to promote the three major measures of project emission reduction, structural emission reduction and management emission reduction. Start the pilot project of pollution reduction performance management. In 2011, the national emissions of chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen and sulfur dioxide continued to decline, but the emissions of nitrogen oxides rose instead of falling.

　　　　(3) Risk management of outstanding environmental problems such as heavy metal pollution that seriously damages people’s health has been effectively strengthened.

　　　　The State Council approved the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Heavy Metal Pollution and the Implementation Plan for Heavy Metal Pollution Control in Xiangjiang River Basin, and identified five key prevention and control industries and 138 key prevention and control areas. The central government issued 2.5 billion yuan to support 26 provinces to carry out heavy metal pollution control, and made the rectification of environmental violations of lead-acid battery enterprises the primary task of the special environmental protection action in 2011. Deepen the management of PVC production by calcium carbide method, mercury catalyst production and waste mercury catalyst recycling. Implement a statistical reporting system for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and initially establish a long-term monitoring mechanism for POPs. We will carry out in-depth special actions to rectify illegal sewage enterprises and protect people’s health and environmental protection. We deployed special inspections on environmental management of chemicals and hazardous wastes nationwide, established a standardized management and supervision and assessment mechanism for hazardous wastes, and conducted spot checks and assessments on pollution prevention and control of hazardous waste generating, utilizing and disposing units in all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). More than 9 million tons of hazardous waste have been used and disposed of by units holding hazardous waste business licenses nationwide. 53 million sets of used household appliances were recycled and disposed of nationwide. Deploy the national special inspection of chemical environmental management and organize five special law enforcement inspections. In-depth special actions were carried out to rectify illegal sewage enterprises and protect people’s health and environmental protection. More than 2.7 million people were dispatched nationwide, more than 1.07 million enterprises were inspected, more than 10,000 environmental illegal enterprises were investigated, and more than 2,000 environmental illegal cases were listed and supervised. A total of 12,137 heavy metal emission enterprises in key industries were investigated, and the most severe measures were taken to rectify lead battery enterprises.More than 80% have been shut down or stopped production, and the intensity of rectification has never been greater. Effectively curbed the high incidence of blood lead incidents in lead-acid battery enterprises, and promoted the optimization and upgrading of the industry and sustainable development.

　　　　(D) The prevention and control of pollution in key river basins has been deepened.

　　　　The National Plan for Prevention and Control of Groundwater Pollution was issued, and the environmental conditions of more than 800 centralized drinking water sources were evaluated, and interviews were conducted with 13 cities with outstanding problems. Organize the preparation of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for the Reconstruction and Construction of Urban Water Supply Facilities and the Vision of 2020, and conduct a general survey of all 106 water quality indicators of the discharged water from urban public water supply plants nationwide. The implementation of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan for water pollution prevention and control in 22 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in key river basins was assessed, and the assessment results were regarded as an important factor in the allocation of funds for water pollution prevention and control. The "Water Pollution Prevention and Control Plan for the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River (2011-2015)" was issued. The quality of surface water in China continues to improve. We will carry out pilot projects to protect the ecological environment of lakes with good water quality. Vigorously promote cleaner production, issued the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan for Industrial Cleaner Production", issued a total of cleaner production technology implementation plans for 27 key industries such as PVC, and arranged 220 million yuan to support the construction of 33 cleaner production demonstration projects. Compile the National Circular Economy Development Plan, release 60 typical cases of circular economy, carry out pilot projects of comprehensive utilization of industrial solid wastes in 12 regions including Chengde in Hebei and Shuozhou in Shanxi, and determine the first batch of pilot projects of comprehensive utilization and harmless treatment of kitchen wastes in 33 cities (regions). Supervise and guide the central enterprises to set an example and promote the innovation and popularization of energy conservation, emission reduction, comprehensive utilization and cleaner production technology.

　　　　(5) Rural environmental improvement and ecological protection have been effectively strengthened.

　　　　Nine new demonstration provinces (regions) have been established to improve rural environment, and 4 billion yuan of special funds for rural environmental protection have been arranged, of which 3.6 billion yuan will be used to support the improvement of rural environment. By 2011, a total of 8 billion yuan of special funds for rural environmental protection had been arranged to support 16,300 villages to carry out comprehensive improvement of rural environment and ecological demonstration construction, benefiting 37,290,600 people. Actively carry out the prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution, and vigorously promote the technology of saving fertilizer and medicine. The number of counties (fields) for soil testing and formula fertilization projects has reached 2,498, and the technology promotion area has reached 1.1 billion mu, reducing unreasonable fertilization by 5.8 million tons. China National Committee for the International Year of Biodiversity in 2010 was officially renamed as China National Committee for Biodiversity Protection, with Vice Premier Li Keqiang as its chairman. The remote sensing survey and evaluation project of the ten-year change of the national ecological environment (2000-2010) was launched. Do a good job in the management of nature reserves, build 16 national nature reserves and build 335 national nature reserves. Further standardize the management of ecological construction demonstration areas, add 27 ecological cities (counties) and 34 ecological civilization construction pilots. At present, there are 15 provinces and more than 1000 regions in China to establish ecological provinces, cities and counties. Soil erosion in key river basins has been effectively controlled. By 2011, about 300,000 soil and water conservation schemes had been approved nationwide, and the cumulative area of soil erosion control was about 1.1 million square kilometers. In 2010-2011, a total of 6.84 billion yuan was invested by the central government, driving local and enterprises to invest more than 40 billion yuan.Focus on supporting the management of mine geological environment in resource-exhausted cities. The second phase of natural forest resources protection was officially launched. In 2011, the total afforestation area in China was 92.07 million mu, up 3.9% year-on-year, and the newly added wetland protection area was 4.95 million mu.

　　　　(6) The nuclear and radiation environment is safe and controllable.

　　　　In 2011, the nuclear facilities in service operated safely, and the quality of nuclear facilities under construction was effectively controlled. There were no safety incidents or accidents of Grade II or above in the operation of nuclear power plants, research reactors, nuclear fuel cycle facilities, radioactive waste storage, treatment and disposal facilities and radioactive materials transportation activities, and the incidents and nonconformities of nuclear facilities in operation and under construction were dealt with in a timely and effective manner. In 2011, the number of nuclear facilities and nuclear technology utilization projects in China increased continuously, and the quality of radiation environment remained good on the whole. The level of environmental ionizing radiation remained stable, and the overall ionizing radiation around nuclear facilities and nuclear technology utilization projects did not change significantly. The overall level of environmental electromagnetic radiation was good, and the overall level of environmental electromagnetic radiation around electromagnetic radiation facilities did not change significantly.

　　　　After the Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan, the state immediately launched an emergency plan, closely tracked and judged the progress of the accident, actively carried out nationwide radiation environmental monitoring, and took effective measures to deal with it. Organize the comprehensive safety inspection of nuclear facilities nationwide, and comprehensively revise the emergency plan and revision instructions for nuclear accidents in the operating units of civil nuclear facilities. Carry out safety inspections on the application of nuclear technology, uranium mining and metallurgy, and transportation of radioactive materials to effectively prevent serious accidents. The quality of radiation environment in China has remained good.

　　　　(seven) policy and legal system, science and technology monitoring and publicity and education work continue to advance.

　　　　Promulgate and implement the Regulations on the Management of Taihu Lake Basin and the Regulations on the Safety Management of Radioactive Waste, and cooperate with the revision of the Environmental Protection Law. The comprehensive list of environmental protection has been updated, and more than 500 kinds of "high pollution and high environmental risk" products, more than 40 kinds of environmentally friendly processes and more than 10 kinds of special equipment for environmental protection have been included in the list. In Beijing, Guangdong and other coal-fired power plants, the denitration electricity price policy of 0.8 cents per kilowatt-hour was tried out. For the first time, a nationwide comprehensive survey on environmental pollution and population health was carried out. The establishment of environmental risk and damage identification and evaluation research center and environmental pollution damage identification technology center. We will promote the identification and assessment of environmental pollution damage in pilot areas, successfully complete the three-year action plan for environmental monitoring quality management, and carry out the pilot assessment of county ecological environment quality and biodiversity monitoring in national key ecological function area for the first time. The Twelfth Five-Year Plan for Scientific and Technological Development of National Environmental Protection, the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Environmental Monitoring and the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Environmental Monitoring in 2011 and 2012 were issued, the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for Nuclear Safety and Radioactive Pollution Prevention and the Vision for 2020 were compiled, and the first national environmental emergency monitoring drill, the Eleventh Five-Year Environmental Protection Achievement Exhibition and the 12th China International Environmental Protection Exhibition were held.

　　　　(VIII) Environmental protection system, mechanism and capacity building have been strengthened.

　　　　The ranks of nuclear safety regulatory agencies have been further strengthened. The Ministry of Environmental Protection, in conjunction with relevant departments, issued the Medium-and Long-Term Plan for the Development of Ecological Environmental Protection Talents (2010-2020), and trained 52,000 cadres and various talents. Publish the case textbook "Ecological Civilization Construction and Sustainable Development" on the theme of scientific development for leading cadres of party and government all over the country. Actively coordinate for the support of the Ministry of Finance, and the central government will add special funds for lake ecological environment protection to protect high-quality ecological lakes with an area of more than 50 square kilometers. In 2010-2011, a total of 950 million yuan will be arranged to support the protection of eight lakes, including liangzi lake and Erhai. The capacity building of monitoring and law enforcement and environmental monitoring has been further strengthened. Nearly 1.1 billion yuan of infrastructure investment has been allocated for monitoring and law enforcement business housing projects, and 414 million yuan has been allocated for environmental monitoring capacity building, which has supported the standardization construction of more than 930 county (district) environmental monitoring institutions in the central and western regions.

　　　　V. Key Environmental Protection Work in 2012

　　　　(a) to complete the annual major pollutant emission reduction tasks.

　　　　The annual pollution reduction tasks set in 2012 are: compared with 2011, the emissions of sulfur dioxide and chemical oxygen demand are reduced by 2%, the emissions of ammonia nitrogen are reduced by 1.5%, and the emissions of nitrogen oxides are zero. In-depth implementation of the three major emission reduction measures, structural emission reduction in a more prominent position, improve the exit mechanism of backward production capacity, and strictly pre-audit the total amount of construction projects to reduce pollution emissions from the source. Continue to strengthen project emission reduction and management emission reduction, speed up pollutant control, key pollution control projects, flue gas desulfurization and denitrification, sewage treatment facilities construction, strengthen motor vehicle emission reduction, and carry out agricultural and rural pollution reduction. Strict supervision, ensure the normal operation of pollution control facilities, tap the potential of pollution control, and improve pollution control efficiency. Enrich and improve the emission reduction policy, further improve the desulfurization electricity price, make good use of the denitrification electricity price, coordinate relevant departments to introduce supervision measures for the operation of denitrification facilities as soon as possible, and study and propose financial incentive policies for emission reduction of agricultural sources and motor vehicles. Study that measure of bringing sludge disposal cost into sewage treatment cost. Guiding opinions on the pilot work of paid use and trading of emission rights were issued.

　　　　(2) Strictly implement the environmental impact assessment system.

　　　　Vigorously promote strategic environmental impact assessment, focus on planning environmental impact assessment of industrial parks with high environmental risks such as chemical and petrochemical industries, cascade development of river basins, and construction of important waterways, increase the pilot of planning environmental impact assessment of key environmental protection cities, and improve the linkage mechanism between planning environmental impact assessment and project environmental impact assessment. Take the total emission control index of major pollutants as the precondition for the EIA approval of new reconstruction and expansion projects, strengthen the EIA management of petrochemical, steel and other industries, and establish and improve the environmental risk assessment system of construction projects. Improve the qualification management policy of environmental impact assessment institutions of construction projects. Explore the establishment of the "three simultaneities" execution list and liability certificate system for construction projects, and resolutely implement approval-limiting measures for regions and enterprise groups that have not seriously fulfilled their EIA commitments and caused greater environmental risks and environmental impacts. Comprehensively promote the environmental supervision of construction projects, continue to strengthen the supervision of the whole process of environmental impact assessment, and formulate post-evaluation methods for environmental impact.

　　　　(3) Give priority to solving outstanding environmental problems that harm people’s health.

　　　　Pay close attention to improving the environmental quality evaluation system. With the consent of the State Council, the newly revised national ambient air quality standard has been announced to the public. The focus of future work is to further strengthen the pollution control of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and effectively improve the atmospheric environmental quality. First, improve the joint prevention and control mechanism of the atmosphere, focusing on Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta regions, and implement coordinated control of multiple pollutants. Intensify industrial adjustment and accelerate the elimination of backward production capacity. Actively promote clean energy, formulate and implement special emission limits for air pollutants in key industries such as thermal power, steel and petrochemical, and vigorously reduce the total emission of pollutants; Second, effectively strengthen the prevention and control of motor vehicle pollution, fully implement the fourth-stage motor vehicle emission standards, implement environmental protection signs for motor vehicles, speed up the elimination of "yellow-label vehicles" and improve the quality of vehicle fuel. Strengthen the capacity building of environmental supervision of motor vehicles, strengthen the supervision of environmental inspection agencies for in-use vehicles, and comprehensively improve the emission level of motor vehicles; The third is to establish a regional atmospheric environmental quality forecasting system to realize the risk information judgment and early warning functions. When heavy polluted weather occurs continuously, the emergency mechanism should be started in time to guide the masses to arrange their travel and life reasonably. In addition, we will do our best to prevent and control heavy metal pollution, strictly manage chemical environment, and continue to do a good job in hazardous waste management.

　　　　(four) continue to strengthen the prevention and control of marine pollution in key river basins.

　　　　Insist on letting rivers and lakes recuperate and improve the quality of water environment. We will do a good job in ensuring the safety of drinking water environment and strictly divide and manage drinking water source protection areas. Accelerate the implementation of the "Measures for Environmental Quality Assessment of Surface Water" and study and introduce policies and measures to strengthen the protection of rural drinking water sources. Promote the prevention and control of water pollution in key river basins and improve the assessment mechanism. Take joint pollution control as a breakthrough to improve the environmental quality of the Bohai Sea and the estuaries such as the Yangtze River, the Yellow River and the Pearl River. Strengthen lake protection, implement preferential protection and one lake and one policy, and establish a target responsibility system and performance evaluation system. Strengthen the control and management of odor, noise and cooking fume pollution in cities. Strengthen enterprise environmental protection verification and post-supervision.

　　　　(V) Accelerating rural environmental protection and ecological protection.

　　　　Further deepen the policy of "promoting governance with awards" and "replacing compensation with awards". Implement the target responsibility system for comprehensive improvement of rural environment, and conduct performance evaluation and assessment on the implementation of the target responsibility system for comprehensive improvement of rural environment in pilot provinces and cities. Promote the construction of agricultural environmental protection supervision system. Explore the establishment of cross-regional and cross-industry mechanisms to promote the pilot construction of ecological civilization. Implement the Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity Conservation in China (2011-2030), and formulate and implement the Measures for Environmental Supervision and Management of Alien Invasive Species. Strengthen supervision over the development and construction of nature reserves, and seriously investigate and deal with illegal acts.

　　　　(six) to strengthen environmental law enforcement and emergency management.

　　　　Continue to maintain the high-pressure situation of environmental law enforcement supervision. We will carry out in-depth special actions to rectify illegal sewage enterprises to protect people’s health and environmental protection, and resolutely rectify the dumping of heavy metals, chemicals and hazardous wastes. We will carry out pilot projects to evaluate the performance of environmental law enforcement, and improve the regional environmental supervision mechanism and departmental linkage law enforcement mechanism. The implementation of river basin, region, industry approval and supervision supervision system. Improve the working mechanism of risk prevention and emergency management. Improve the ability of environmental emergency monitoring and disposal, and properly handle all kinds of sudden environmental incidents. Strictly implement the information reporting system, implement the main responsibility of enterprise environmental safety, comprehensively investigate the environmental risks of enterprises, and carry out the assessment of enterprise environmental risks.

　　　　(seven) to continuously improve the level of policies and regulations, scientific and technological standards, environmental monitoring, nuclear and radiation safety and publicity and education.

　　　　Cooperate with the revision of the Environmental Protection Law, promote the revision of the Air Pollution Prevention Law, and study and draft laws and regulations on soil environmental protection and nuclear safety. Do a good job in the comprehensive list of environmental protection, improve the information exchange mechanism of green credit, and initially form the ability to identify and evaluate environmental pollution damage. Strengthen scientific and technological support and standard setting, and strengthen environmental monitoring. Strengthen the standardization construction and standard acceptance of monitoring stations, and strengthen nuclear and radiation safety supervision. Prepare for the fourth national conference on nuclear and radiation safety supervision. Take the operation of nuclear facilities as the supervision object, strengthen the safety review and evaluation of newly built and expanded nuclear facilities, and supervise the implementation of various rectification measures. Accelerate the construction of nuclear and radiation safety supervision technology research and development base. Actively and steadily promote the reform of publishing and newspapers. Popularize nuclear and radiation safety knowledge, deepen environmental publicity and education, and improve the publicity level of major events such as World Environment Day and Earth Day. We will continue to carry out pilot projects of environmental education for all.

　　　　Box 1: All previous environmental protection conferences in China

　　　　Since 1973, China has held seven national environmental protection conferences. All previous national conferences on environmental protection have achieved landmark results, which embodies the development course of China’s environmental protection undertaking that keeps pace with the times and keeps pioneering and innovating. In 1973, the State Council held the first national conference on environmental protection, and put forward the 32-word policy of "overall planning, rational layout, comprehensive utilization, turning harm into benefit, relying on the masses and everyone to protect the environment and benefit the people". The second national conference on environmental protection held in 1983 established environmental protection as a basic national policy, formulated the guiding principle of "economic construction, urban and rural construction and environmental construction should be planned, implemented and developed simultaneously, so as to achieve the unity of economic benefits, social benefits and environmental benefits", and defined the three major environmental protection issues of "prevention first, combining prevention with control", "polluter should control" and "strengthening environmental management" The Third National Conference on Environmental Protection held in 1989 put forward the idea of "declaring war on environmental pollution", and actively promoted eight environmental management systems, including the responsibility system for environmental protection objectives, the quantitative assessment system for comprehensive improvement of urban environment, the permit system for pollutant discharge, centralized pollution control, deadline treatment, environmental impact assessment system, the "three simultaneities" system and the sewage charge system. The fourth national conference on environmental protection held in 1996 pointed out that environmental protection is the key to implementing the strategy of sustainable development, and the essence of environmental protection is to protect productive forces. The implementation of the total discharge control plan of major pollutants and the cross-century green project planning are two important measures to improve environmental quality.The fifth national conference on environmental protection held in 2002 called for putting environmental protection on the same important position as developing productive forces, developing environmental protection in accordance with economic laws and taking the road of marketization and industrialization. The Sixth National Environmental Protection Conference held in 2006 clearly pointed out that the key to do a good job in environmental protection under the new situation is to accelerate the realization of "three changes": from emphasizing economic growth to neglecting environmental protection to paying equal attention to environmental protection and economic growth, from environmental protection lagging behind economic development to simultaneous promotion of environmental protection and economic development, and from mainly using administrative measures to comprehensively applying laws, economies, technologies and necessary administrative measures to solve environmental problems. The Seventh National Conference on Environmental Protection held in 2011 emphasized the need to persist in protecting while developing, actively explore new ways of environmental protection with low cost, good benefits, low emissions and sustainability, effectively solve outstanding environmental problems that affect scientific development and harm people’s health, and strive to create a new situation in environmental protection work.

　　　　Column 2: Actively explore the new road of environmental protection in China.

　　　　Exploring the new road of environmental protection in China originates from the practice of environmental protection in China for more than 30 years. It is a systematic summary of environmental protection practice in China and a clear banner that leads the environmental protection cause to advance continuously. In the study and practice of Scientific Outlook on Development in 2008, the national environmental protection system reached a consensus to explore a new road of environmental protection in China, which was theoretically refined and summarized by the China Environmental Macro-strategy Research approved by the State Council and jointly carried out by China Academy of Engineering and the Ministry of Environmental Protection. At the annual meeting of the China Committee for International Cooperation in Environment and Development in 2011, Chinese and foreign members and experts attending the meeting gave wide approval to the connotation and goal of actively exploring a new road of environmental protection in China. In recent years, under the guidance of actively exploring new ways of environmental protection, new measures such as joint prevention and control of air pollution, cross-border assessment of key river basins, "one lake, one policy" for lake protection, "promoting governance with awards" for rural environmental protection, total pollutant discharge index as a precondition for project approval, regional industry environmental assessment limit, environmental protection verification of key industries, desulfurization electricity price of coal-fired power plants, emission trading and green credit have been continuously introduced, with remarkable results.

　　　　The connotation of the new road of environmental protection is "low cost, good benefit, low emission and sustainability". "Low cost" means to adhere to the coordination between environmental protection and economic development, and support larger-scale economic activities with as little resource and environmental cost as possible; "Good benefit" means to persist in coordinating environmental protection with economic construction and social construction, and seek the best environmental, economic and social benefits; "Low emission" means adhering to the combination of pollution prevention and environmental treatment, keeping pollutant emission at the lowest level, and minimizing the damage to the environment caused by economic and social activities; "Sustainability" means to adhere to the integration of environmental protection and long-term development, and promote sustainable economic and social development by building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society.

　　　　The fundamental requirement for exploring a new road to environmental protection is to vigorously promote the coordination and integration of environmental protection and economic development. Focusing on the theme of scientific development and the main line of accelerating the transformation of economic development mode, environmental protection should be placed in a more important position, giving full play to the leading, expanding, increasing and reversing role of environmental protection in promoting stable and rapid economic development, optimizing regional layout with environmental capacity, optimizing industrial structure with environmental management, optimizing growth mode with environmental cost, and promoting innovative transformation and green development.

　　　　The core of exploring a new road to environmental protection is to pay attention to safeguarding and improving people’s livelihood. Strengthen the concept of environmental protection for the benefit of the people, concentrate on solving environmental problems related to people’s livelihood, such as heavy metals, chemicals, hazardous wastes and persistent organic pollutants, severely punish environmental violations, earnestly safeguard the public’s environmental rights and interests, and let the people drink clean water, breathe fresh air, eat safe food, and produce and live in a beautiful and livable environment.

　　　　The goal of exploring a new road to environmental protection is to focus on building six systems. First, the macro-strategic system of environmental protection adapted to China’s national conditions; The second is a comprehensive and efficient pollution prevention and control system; Third, a sound environmental quality evaluation system; Fourth, a sound system of environmental protection laws, regulations, policies and scientific and technological standards; Fifth, a complete environmental management and law enforcement supervision system; Sixth, the social action system with the participation of the whole people.

　　　　Column 3: Vigorously promote the construction of ecological civilization

　　　　Building ecological civilization is an important strategic thought and task put forward by our Party, which thoroughly implements Scientific Outlook on Development and is based on the severe reality that the cost of resources and environment is too high in the rapid economic growth. It is an important part of the overall layout of Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s great cause, which points out the direction for solving the outstanding contradiction between man and nature in China at present and in the future, and provides a fundamental guarantee for strengthening ecological environment protection and promoting sustainable economic and social development. According to the report of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, "to build an ecological civilization, the industrial structure, growth mode and consumption pattern of saving energy and resources and protecting the ecological environment will basically be formed. Circular economy has formed a large scale, and the proportion of renewable energy has increased significantly. The discharge of major pollutants has been effectively controlled, and the quality of the ecological environment has been significantly improved. The concept of ecological civilization is firmly established in the whole society. " The Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Plenary Sessions of the Seventeenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China clearly put forward that socialist economic construction, political construction, cultural construction, social construction and ecological civilization construction should be comprehensively promoted, and the construction of ecological civilization should be included in the overall layout of Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s cause. General Secretary Hu Jintao pointed out, "The essence of building ecological civilization is to build a resource-saving and environment-friendly society based on the carrying capacity of resources and environment, guided by the laws of nature and aimed at sustainable development." Promoting the construction of ecological civilization is an effective way to solve the increasing constraints of resources and environment, an objective need to accelerate the transformation of economic development mode, an inherent requirement to safeguard and improve people’s livelihood, and a strategic choice to seize the commanding heights of future competition in the post-international financial crisis period.

　　　　Environmental protection is the main position and fundamental measure of ecological civilization construction, and it is also the focus and direction of promoting sustainable development. Building ecological civilization is different from pollution control and ecological restoration in the traditional sense, but a process of correcting the disadvantages of industrial civilization and exploring the road of resource-saving and environment-friendly development. It is necessary to make up for the course of industrial civilization and take the road of ecological civilization. Strengthening ecological environmental protection is not to give up the pursuit of development, but to achieve harmony between man and nature, economy, society and resources and environment at a higher level. We must use the strategic vision, strategic thinking and strategic means of building ecological civilization to plan and solve China’s outstanding environmental problems, and actively explore a new road of environmental protection in China. Any achievement or breakthrough in environmental protection is a positive contribution to the construction of ecological civilization. In recent years, China’s environmental protection work has played an important role in solving outstanding environmental problems that affect scientific development and harm people’s health, coordinating and promoting the reduction of total discharge of major pollutants, improvement of environmental quality, prevention of environmental risks and equalization of public services for urban and rural environmental protection, and fostering and strengthening the ecological economy, improving the quality of the ecological environment and enhancing the awareness of social ecological civilization.

　　　　Box 4: the State Council’s opinion on strengthening the key work of environmental protection

　　　　In October 2011, the State Council issued the Opinions on Strengthening the Key Work of Environmental Protection, which became a programmatic document to thoroughly implement the Scientific Outlook on Development and promote the scientific development of environmental protection in China in the new era. The "Opinions" put forward that, first, we should comprehensively improve the level of supervision and management of environmental protection. Strictly implement the environmental impact assessment system, continue to strengthen the total emission reduction of major pollutants, strengthen environmental law enforcement supervision, effectively prevent environmental risks and properly handle environmental emergencies; Second, efforts should be made to solve outstanding environmental problems that affect scientific development and harm people’s health. Effectively strengthen the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution, strictly manage chemical environment, ensure nuclear and radiation safety, deepen comprehensive prevention and control of pollution in key areas, vigorously develop environmental protection industries, accelerate rural environmental protection, and increase ecological protection; Third, we must reform and innovate the environmental protection system and mechanism. We will continue to push forward the historic transformation of environmental protection, take reform and innovation as the driving force, actively explore a new road of environmental protection with low cost, good benefits, low emissions and sustainability, implement economic policies conducive to environmental protection, continuously enhance environmental protection capabilities, improve environmental management systems and working mechanisms, and strengthen leadership and assessment of environmental protection work.

　　　　The Opinions put forward a series of innovative measures. In terms of implementing economic policies that are conducive to environmental protection, the Opinions propose to strictly implement the electricity price policy for flue gas desulfurization in coal-fired power plants, formulate the electricity price policy for denitrification, and give priority to online access for renewable energy power generation, waste heat power generation and waste incineration power generation. Implement differential electricity prices for industries with high energy consumption and high pollution, and implement preferential policies for encouraged enterprises such as sewage treatment, sludge harmless treatment facilities, desulfurization and denitrification facilities and garbage treatment facilities in non-power industries; In terms of environmental responsibility investigation, the Opinions put forward that illegal acts such as starting construction without approval of environmental impact assessment documents, making major changes without authorization during construction, and putting into production without environmental protection acceptance should be investigated for the responsibility of management departments, related enterprises and personnel according to law, strengthening environmental law enforcement supervision and establishing law enforcement responsibility system; In terms of strict environmental management methods, the Opinions put forward that the EIA procedures must be strictly implemented, and the total discharge index of major pollutants should be taken as the precondition for the EIA approval, and the total discharge of industries should be controlled, so as to improve the environmental access standards and emission standards of key industries, and to formulate and revise relevant laws and regulations, and resolutely prohibit the new expansion and reconstruction of projects that increase the total discharge of heavy metal pollutants in key prevention and control areas; In the development of environmental protection industry, the Opinions proposes to increase policy support, expand market demand, encourage the establishment of environmental protection industry development funds through multiple channels, and broaden financing channels for environmental protection industry development. Implement advanced and applicable technology research and development, technical equipment and demonstration projects, and focus on the development of environmental services.Encourage the use of green signs and environmental certification requirements.

　　　　Box 5: Twelfth Five-Year Plan of National Environmental Protection

　　　　In order to promote the scientific development of China’s environmental protection during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period, the State Council issued the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Environmental Protection in December 2011. The 12th Five-Year Plan of national environmental protection is an important part of the 12th Five-Year Plan. The Plan takes improving the basic environmental public service system as a key task. By promoting the coordinated development of regional environmental protection, improving the level of rural environmental protection, and strengthening the ability of environmental supervision, it strives to narrow the gap between regions, urban and rural areas in the ability of harmless treatment of sewage and garbage and the ability of environmental monitoring and evaluation, effectively ensuring the safety of drinking water sources in urban and rural areas, so that all citizens can obtain basic environmental public services that are compatible with the level of economic and social development and have roughly equal results. For the first time, the Plan takes strengthening the prevention and control of environmental risks in key areas and maintaining environmental safety as a strategic task, aiming at solving the problem of environmental security in the process of industrialization by improving institutional policies and improving the system of prevention, early warning, response, disposal and recovery. First, strengthen the basic system construction of environmental risk prevention and control. Carry out national environmental risk investigation and assessment, deepen environmental risk management measures, strengthen the foundation of environmental risk management, and improve the security system of full prevention and control. The second is to include heavy metals and chemicals in the focus of risk prevention and control. Strengthen the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in key industries and regions, intensify the elimination of toxic and harmful chemicals, strictly supervise the chemical environment, and strengthen the prevention and control of chemical risks. The third is to comprehensively strengthen nuclear and radiation safety work.Vigorously improve the safety level of nuclear and radiation, improve the safety level of nuclear energy and nuclear technology utilization, strengthen nuclear and radiation safety supervision and radioactive pollution prevention and control. Fourth, vigorously promote the treatment and disposal of solid waste from the perspective of preventing environmental risks of hazardous waste. We will comprehensively promote the prevention and control of hazardous waste pollution, intensify the prevention and control of industrial solid waste pollution, and improve the level of domestic waste treatment.

In Langlujiayuan Community, Nanshan District, the staff of the garbage removal company are sorting and collecting garbage and transporting it to professional places for further treatment. Shenzhen Special Zone Daily reporter Jong Li correspondent Chen Jiashe

Original title: One-point garbage disposal saves major events. Professionals say that garbage sorting can save a lot of costs from transportation to terminal treatment.

Shenzhen Special Zone News August 17, 2019 Recently, this newspaper reported four modern environmental protection power plants in Shenzhen, which aroused widespread concern in society. Some citizens are wondering, since Shenzhen has such a large amount of garbage incineration and advanced technology, is it necessary to classify garbage? In interviews and surveys, professionals in garbage disposal emphasized that garbage disposal costs a lot, and the mixed garbage disposal process is more complicated. Garbage classification not only saves resources but also reduces the burden of garbage disposal. Only when everyone cares about garbage disposal and starts to do garbage sorting well can the dilemma of "garbage besieged city" be fundamentally alleviated and social spiritual civilization be promoted.

The road from the community to the terminal facilities is long.

The high cost of garbage disposal calls for classification.

The daily average domestic garbage removal in Shenzhen increased from 7.5 tons in 1979 to 19,000 tons in 2018, exceeding 2,500 times, with an annual growth rate of 6%, and with the rapid development of Shenzhen, the growth rate is still increasing year by year. It is understood that some landfills are designed to have a service life of up to ten years or even decades, but they can’t resist the growing amount of garbage. Some landfills are filled in advance and garbage incineration plants are overloaded.

The relevant person in charge of the Municipal Urban Management and Comprehensive Law Enforcement Bureau said that while building garbage disposal facilities, the amount of garbage has increased. For many years, Shenzhen garbage disposal facilities have encountered difficulties in site selection, landing and construction. Zhong Rigang, deputy general manager of Shenzhen Energy and Environmental Protection Co., Ltd., who is responsible for the construction and operation of four energy and ecological parks in our city, also believes that "building garbage disposal facilities will cost a lot, not only spending money, but also occupying social resources."

There is still a long journey from the community to the terminal treatment facilities. From the community, it will be transported to the garbage transfer station in the form of vehicle-mounted drums or vehicle-mounted bags, and then it will be reduced in water and compressed, and then it will be pulled to the garbage incineration power plant or sanitary landfill for final treatment by the garbage truck.

"Every link will generate costs. In order to prevent the impact on residents’ lives and the urban environment, in the transportation process, the garbage with odor is transported by special closed vehicles." Zhong Rigang believes that if citizens can reduce their sources at home, they will not use so many more expensive closed cars.

"Garbage came in and was destroyed? Garbage disposal is very complicated. " Zhong Rigang analyzed that if the garbage is not classified as mixed garbage, the treatment standard will be determined according to the most dangerous components, the treatment process is more complicated, and more environmental protection facilities and materials are invested. Despite the garbage disposal facilities, Zhong Rigang appealed that everyone is a garbage producer and should actively participate in garbage sorting, reduce garbage production at the source and share the pressure of garbage disposal. Sorted garbage is more convenient to transport and treat, and reduces the cost.

More than 100 enterprises participate in transportation processing.

Put an end to garbage before sorting and then mixing.

Large pieces of garbage, glass plastic paper, kitchen waste, waste lamps, waste batteries … The reporter saw in Langlujiayuan Community of Nanshan District that these classified garbage were collected and transported by vehicles with different logos and different enterprises. This scene is the normal state of garbage removal in the community that promotes garbage sorting in Shenzhen.

How to ensure classified transportation of classified garbage? Will the garbage that residents have worked hard to sort out be taken away by a car? Huang Zhibin, director of the comprehensive department of Shenzhen Municipal Domestic Waste Classification Management Affairs Center, said that the removal unit was invited by the district governments and had certain qualifications. All kinds of garbage were removed by different removal companies. According to the contract, the types of garbage cleaned by each removal company were different, and the mixed collection and transportation of garbage was eliminated from the system. Due to the different operation projects of enterprises, collecting garbage collected and transported by non-self enterprises will not generate benefits, and enterprises are not driven by interests.

It is reported that there are more than 10 enterprises responsible for the collection, transportation and treatment of waste furniture, waste battery lamps, waste glass plastic paper, annual oranges, waste fabrics, green garbage, fruit and vegetable garbage and kitchen garbage in Futian District, more than 20 enterprises in Luohu District, more than 50 enterprises in Baoan District and 10 enterprises in Longgang District, and more than 100 enterprises are responsible for the classified transportation, classified treatment and recycling of garbage in the city.

Remove the floor trash can before the end of the year.

Citizens need to go downstairs and throw garbage.

As early as 2015, Shenzhen began to fully implement garbage sorting. After the garbage is sorted, how to throw it away? In order to improve the participation rate and accuracy of residents, after repeated exploration, Shenzhen is now vigorously promoting the residential waste classification model of "centralized classified delivery+regular fixed-point supervision", that is, there is no trash can on the floor, and centralized classified delivery points are set downstairs. Arrange supervisors to conduct on-site supervision at the centralized waste sorting and dropping point in the community from 7: 00 to 9: 00 every night.

In the first half of 2019, the city built 805 residential areas with the mode of "centralized classified delivery+regular and fixed-point supervision", and implemented the classified delivery of kitchen waste at regular and fixed points (7: 00-9: 00 every night), and recruited party member, volunteers, enthusiastic residents and property managers as supervisors. At present, there are 2,671 supervisors in the city to conduct on-site supervision at 2,630 centralized delivery points in 805 communities, covering a total of 452,000 households and 1.53 million residents, and each centralized delivery point serves about 172 households on average.

According to the Municipal Urban Management and Comprehensive Law Enforcement Bureau, by the end of the year, this model will be extended to all 3,600 residential areas with property management in the city. This means that in many communities where garbage bins are placed on the floors, all these bins should be removed, and garbage sorting points should be set up again in the communities, and the garbage should be carried downstairs for sorting.

At present, Shenzhen is carrying out the action of removing barrels, and strives to completely remove the garbage bins on the residential floors before the end of this year. Although not every residential area has garbage bins on the floor, some residential areas have no garbage bins on the floor since they first moved in. It is necessary to change the habit of throwing garbage when they go out for many years, especially in high-rise residential buildings. Whether residents will adapt and support the withdrawal of buckets will test the relevant departments of the district and street. (Shenzhen Special Zone Daily reporter Lin Qingrong)

　　According to the websites of the Taiwan Affairs Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council, with the approval of the CPC Central Committee, it was decided to launch a national commendation activity for advanced collectives and individuals working in Taiwan. Guided by the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the New Era, the selection work thoroughly implements the important exposition of the Supreme Leader’s General Secretary on Taiwan’s work and the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee on Taiwan’s work, meets the important instructions of the Supreme Leader’s General Secretary on "loyalty to the party, professionalism and strict discipline", and strictly implements the procedures of grassroots recommendation and "two trials and three publicity". According to the standards of strong leadership, good team building, outstanding work performance and good response from the masses, 20 units including Taiwan Province Work Office of Xicheng District Committee of the Communist Party of China were selected as "advanced collectives in the national Taiwan work system", and 50 comrades including Jin Xiuqing were selected as "advanced individuals in the national Taiwan work system" according to the standards of excellent political quality, outstanding professional ability, exemplary compliance with the system regulations and recognition by cadres and the masses.

　　Carrying out the national commendation activities for Taiwan’s work system fully reflects the great importance attached by the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core to Taiwan’s work, and the cordial care and encouragement for all comrades in the Taiwan work system. Under the guidance of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era, all comrades in the work system for Taiwan should fully implement the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Plenary Sessions of the 19th Congress, unite more closely around the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, further strengthen the "four consciousnesses", strengthen the "four self-confidences" and achieve the "two safeguards", and constantly improve political judgment, political understanding and political execution. Take the commended units and individuals as examples, learn from the advanced, strive to be the advanced, always adhere to the political character of loyalty to the party, professional expertise and strict discipline, and always maintain the spirit of taking responsibility, pioneering and pioneering, so as to promote the peaceful development and integrated development of cross-strait relations, promote the process of peaceful reunification of the motherland and contribute to the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　Annex: 1. Advanced collective of the national Taiwan work system

　　2. Advanced individuals in the national Taiwan work system

　　The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Taiwan Province Work Office Taiwan Province Affairs Office of the State Council

　　October 15, 2021

　　Annex 1

　　Advanced collective of the national Taiwan work system

　　Taiwan Province Work Office of Xicheng District Committee of CPC Beijing Municipality

　　Taiwan Province Work Office of Tianjin Binhai New Area Committee of CPC

　　Taiwan Province Work Office of Qiqihar Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China

　　Party Committee of Taiwan Province Work Office of CPC Shanghai Municipal Committee

　　Taiwan Province Work Office of Huaian Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China

　　Taiwan Province Work Office of Jiaxing Municipal Committee of CPC

　　Taiwan Province Work Office of Hefei Municipal Committee of CPC

　　CPC Xiamen Haicang District Committee, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao Work Office

　　Taiwan Province Work Office of CPC Nanchang Municipal Committee

　　Shandong Province Ji ‘nan Jiyang District Taiwan Economic Development Service Center

　　Publicity Office of Taiwan Province Work Office of CPC Henan Provincial Committee

　　CPC Huangshi Municipal Committee Taiwan Province Work Office

　　Dongguan Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao Work Office

　　Haikou Taiwan Province Affairs Office

　　Taiwan Province Work Office of CPC Lanzhou Municipal Committee

　　The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Taiwan Province work office secretariat.

　　Department of Utilization of Foreign Capital and Overseas Investment of National Development and Reform Commission (Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan Office) Overseas Investment Division 4

　　Department of International Cooperation and Exchange of Ministry of Education (Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan Office) Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan Office

　　Taiwan Province Office of Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao Department of Commerce

　　Association of Medical Exchanges Across the Taiwan Straits

　　Annex 2

　　Advanced individuals in the national Taiwan work system

　　Jin Xiuqing (female)Director of the Second Division of the Taiwan Affairs Office of Beijing Municipal Committee, Deputy Secretary of the Party Committee and Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission.

　　Jia YufeiChief, Comprehensive Section, Taiwan Affairs Office, Haidian District Committee, Beijing

　　Liu YuDeputy Director of the United Front Work Department of Tianjin Heping District Committee and Director of the Taiwan Affairs Office of the District Committee

　　Han minghuiChief, United Front Work Section, United Front Work Department, Xingtai Municipal Committee, Hebei Province

　　Feng Yanqin (female)Deputy Director of Yuci District People’s Government Office, Jinzhong City, Shanxi Province, Director of District Taiwan Affairs Office

　　Shi hongbinChief of Section 6 of United Front Work Department of Wulanchabu Municipal Committee of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

　　Liu WeiminDirector of Party Committee Office (Secretariat) of Taiwan Affairs Office of Liaoning Provincial Committee

　　Ma PengfeiDirector of Taiwan Exchange and Communication Department and Taiwan Propaganda Department of United Front Work Department of Jilin Municipal Committee, Jilin Province

　　Sun YichangFirst-level Director of Liaison Office of Taiwan Affairs Office of Shanghai Municipal Committee

　　He Wenqian (female)Shanghai Taiwan compatriots service center publicity and exchange section management level 8 staff

　　Hu Jinmei (female)Director of the Secretariat of Taiwan Affairs Office of Nanjing Municipal Committee of Jiangsu Province

　　He Rongrong (female)Director of Taiwan Affairs Office of Kunshan Municipal Committee, Jiangsu Province

　　ZhujiangchuanDirector of Taiwan Affairs Office of Beilun District Committee, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province

　　Huang xuemingDeputy Director, Changxing County Committee Office, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province

　　Wu Zhoumei (female)Director of Taiwanese Business Service Center in Maanshan City, Anhui Province

　　Chen Shaocong (female)Director of Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office of Taijiang District Committee, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province

　　Chen YuzhongChief of Liaison Section, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office, Quanzhou Municipal Committee, Fujian Province

　　Wu JialiangDeputy Director of Jinxi County Committee Office, Fuzhou City, Jiangxi Province

　　Liu Bing (female)Chief, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Section, Taiwan Affairs Office, Huangdao District Committee, Qingdao, Shandong Province

　　Li Na (female)Chief, Taiwan Province Affairs Section, United Front Work Department, Jingzhou Municipal Committee, Hubei Province

　　RongyiDirector of Taiwan Compatriots Reception Office, Zhuzhou City, Hunan Province

　　Li Jia (female)Head of Foreign Affairs, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan Province Affairs Group, Xiangtan County Committee Office, Xiangtan City, Hunan Province

　　Lin QingheDirector of Taiwan Affairs Office of Zhongshan Municipal Committee of Guangdong Province

　　Deng Hongping (female, Zhuang nationality)Executive Deputy Minister and Director of Taiwan Affairs Office of the United Front Work Department of Longlin Autonomous County Committee, Baise City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

　　Jiang Xin (female)First-level Director of Personnel Secretariat of Taiwan Affairs Office of Chongqing Municipal Committee

　　Zhang tongChief of Liaison Section, Taiwan Affairs Office, Yuzhong District Committee, Chongqing Municipality

　　Chen ZhilongSecond-level Director, Comprehensive Research Division, Taiwan Affairs Office of Sichuan Provincial Committee

　　Wang liancaoChief of Taiwan Economic Section, Taiwan Affairs Office, Yibin Municipal Committee, Sichuan Province

　　Wang Ruoyi (Miao nationality)Chief, United Front Work Section, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, United Front Work Department, Anshun Municipal Committee of Guizhou Province

　　Zhao Chunli (female)Chief, Taiwan Affairs Section, United Front Work Department, Baoshan Municipal Committee, Yunnan Province

　　Liu ChangfengDeputy Director of Taiwan Province Work Department of United Front Work Department of Xizang Autonomous Region Party Committee

　　Wang Ling (female)Taiwan Province Affairs Section Chief, Taiwan Affairs Office, Ankang Municipal Committee, Shaanxi Province

　　Qiang Ying (female)Director of Taiwan Affairs Office of United Front Work Department of Yan ‘an Municipal Committee of Shaanxi Province

　　Ye Qing (female, Tu nationality)Third-level Chief Clerk of Comprehensive Section (Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan Affairs Section) of Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office of Xining Municipal Committee, Qinghai Province

　　Wang Yang (female)Deputy Director of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan Affairs Office of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Committee

　　Cha Rong (female)Third-level Director of Economic Exchange Department of Taiwan Affairs Office of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Committee

　　Chen Lijuan (female)Section Chief, United Front Work Department (Taiwan Affairs Office), Shihezi Municipal Committee, Eighth Division, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps

　　Lu YulinFirst-class director of the research department of the Taiwan Affairs Department of the Liaison Office of Hong Kong

　　Wang XinFirst-level Director of Propaganda and Research Department of Taiwan Affairs Department of Liaison Office of Macao.

　　Xiao Mingjuan (female)Director of the Second Division of the Research Bureau of the Taiwan Affairs Office of the Central Committee

　　Tan Cai (female)First-level director of the Party Committee Office of the Taiwan Affairs Office of the Central Committee

　　Chen Xiaoxing (female)Senior Editor, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan Department, Overseas Edition of People’s Daily

　　Liu Chaonan (female)The Taiwan Affairs Office of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions manages seven-level staff.

　　Luo Yanwen (female)Secretary of the Communist Youth League Committee of Kunshan Economic Development Zone, Jiangsu Province

　　Li yujunProject Director of China International Science and Technology Exchange Center

　　Xu RongkunAssistant to the second-level judge of the trial court of Taiwan-related cases in Xiamen Intermediate People’s Court, Fujian Province

　　Zhao Ying (female)Technical Director of China Institute of Electronic Technology Standardization

　　Xia yongxingDeputy Chief of the Office of National Security Corps of Chongqing Public Security Bureau

　　Fu Shuangqi (female)Senior reporter of Xinhua news agency’s foreign news editorial department

　　Chen xuanshiReporter of Chinese Global Program Center of Central Radio and Television General Station

　　The number of scoring subjects in the middle school entrance examination was reduced to six, the scores of history, geography, chemistry and biology were presented in grades, the written examination of morality and rule of law was adjusted from closed book to open book, and the experimental operation of physics subjects was included in the senior high school entrance examination score … …

　　On September 26th, the Beijing Municipal Education Commission held a press conference to release and interpret the "Implementation Opinions on Further Promoting the Examination Enrollment Reform in Senior High Schools" (hereinafter referred to as "Opinions").

　　The scoring subject has been "greatly subtracted"

　　Li Wei, director of the Beijing Municipal Education Commission, introduced that this reform aims to continue to implement the requirements of the Ministry of Education on the junior high school level examination, which is "open for all subjects and use for all examinations". According to the characteristics of different disciplines, the junior high school level examination subjects are divided into three categories: examination, examination and assessment.

　　According to the requirements of the Opinions, the reform of the senior high school entrance examination will be implemented from the current eighth-grade students.

　　After the reform, the subjects of the senior high school entrance examination include morality and rule of law, Chinese, mathematics, foreign languages, physics, physical education and health. The scores of Chinese, mathematics and foreign languages are all 100 points, including 60 points for written foreign languages and 40 points for listening and speaking tests. Morality and rule of law score 80 points, including 70 points for written test and 10 points for comprehensive quality evaluation. Physical score is 80, including 70 for written test and 10 for experimental operation. The score of sports and health is 70 points, including 30 points for on-site examination and 40 points for process assessment.

　　The examination subjects include history, geography, chemistry and biology, and the grades are presented in grades, which are divided into A, B, C and D from high to low. The examination subjects are used for graduation and reference in further studies.

　　The examination subjects include information technology, art, labor and comprehensive practical activities, and the results are presented as qualified or unqualified for graduation and reference in further studies.

　　In terms of organization and implementation, the examination subjects will be unified by the whole city and graded by districts. The written examination of ethics and rule of law, Chinese, mathematics, foreign languages and physics is arranged in the second semester of grade nine. The physical education and health examination is implemented step by step in accordance with the Beijing Compulsory Education Physical Education and Health Assessment Scheme. The foreign language listening and speaking test adopts the computer test method, which is separated from the written test and has two test opportunities, which has not changed compared with the past.

　　Returning to subject accomplishment and doing "small addition"

　　It is worth noting that in the subjects of the reformed senior high school entrance examination, the written examination of morality and rule of law has been adjusted from closed book to open book, and the comprehensive quality evaluation has been included in the results of the senior high school entrance examination; Physics subjects include experimental operations in the results of the senior high school entrance examination.

　　Li Wei introduced that morality and rule of law should pay attention to students’ good moral quality and behavior development. Open-book examination is not to let students look up answers from books, but to give new situations, new materials and real questions. If the answers are reasonable, they will be given points. The physics experiment operation is included in the results of the senior high school entrance examination, aiming at guiding the cultivation of children’s practical ability and innovative consciousness through scene and experiential physics learning.

　　In this reform, history, geography, chemistry and biology were changed from examination subjects to examination subjects, and the results were presented in the form of grades. Li Wei introduced that the adjustment of examination subjects is comprehensively determined according to the subject characteristics, class schedule and course standard requirements of related subjects in junior high school. In junior high school, these four subjects are mainly to stimulate students’ interest in learning and cultivate subject thinking, thus laying the foundation for senior high school learning. The purpose of adjusting these four subjects into examination subjects is to get rid of the examination and return to the teaching itself, encourage teachers to better organize teaching activities from the characteristics of disciplines and students’ cognitive laws, guide students to maintain curiosity and thirst for knowledge, learn to find and solve problems in real situations, and have the ability to explore and innovative spirit.

　　Take multiple measures to ensure the effectiveness of the policy

　　Is it necessary to learn the subjects that are no longer included in the senior high school entrance examination results? Will it cause the separation of junior high school and senior high school subjects?

　　He Shanshan, a chemistry teacher in Beijing No.171 Middle School with 25 years’ teaching experience, told reporters that the reform of the senior high school entrance examination has adjusted the chemistry subject into an examination subject, reduced the burden of students’ examination, further promoted teachers and students to return to chemistry learning itself, and inspired teachers to better organize teaching activities from the characteristics of the subject and the cognitive laws of students. In view of how to do a good job in chemistry teaching under the background of senior high school entrance examination reform, He Shanshan suggested that experiments should be taken as the starting point to guide students to find and solve problems in experimental inquiry activities, build and use models, understand the ins and outs of knowledge, understand the subject thinking methods and develop innovative thinking ability. We should take practical activities as the carrier, explore the establishment of interdisciplinary and project-based learning methods, and make good use of the 10 interdisciplinary practical activities suggested in the new curriculum standard to stimulate students’ independent practical exploration spirit and learning enthusiasm.

　　According to reports, Beijing will further standardize curriculum teaching, requiring junior high schools to strictly implement compulsory education curriculum plans and curriculum standards, and must not arbitrarily increase or decrease class hours, change the difficulty, speed up the progress, and must not finish classes in advance to prepare for exams and strengthen supervision and evaluation; Further improve the quality of proposition, focusing on the ability of students to analyze and solve problems by using what they have learned; Further optimize the enrollment mechanism, combine the diversified development of high school, and deepen the organic combination of multiple evaluation methods and enrollment methods.

　　"At present, we are simultaneously improving the multi-channel and new carrier enrollment and training methods, deepening the reform and collectivization of running schools in district system, promoting the integration of talent training, and providing students with diversified ways of further studies and diversified growth paths." Li Wei said.

　　 　(Beijing, September 26 th, our reporter Dong Cheng)

　　Affected by the rising pressure of comprehensive operating costs, more and more third-party payment channels begin to charge fees for credit card repayment. But at the same time, we should also see that there are many repayment channels for credit cards at present, and the channels such as bank online banking and mobile banking APP are still free — —

　　For users who use third-party payment channels to repay bank credit cards, a new change is about to happen: from March 26th, Alipay will charge a service fee for credit card repayment, and WeChat has charged for credit card repayment since August 1st last year, which means another "free lunch" for Internet services has ended.

　　Next, how will you choose the credit card repayment channel? What else do you need to pay attention to when using third-party payment to repay credit cards? Has Internet service entered the era of charging?

　　Alipay VS wechat

　　At present, users and the market are most concerned about the similarities and differences between Alipay and WeChat for credit card repayment charges.

　　In fact, repaying bank credit cards through third-party payment institutions is a new thing that has only appeared in recent years. In contrast, bank online banking and mobile banking APP are still the traditional mainstream channels for credit card repayment, and this channel does not charge extra for the single act of "repayment".

　　According to industry insiders, the so-called "credit card repayment service" paid by a third party means that the third party payment company deducts the corresponding money from the cardholder’s change account, debit card and other channels for credit card repayment according to his transaction instructions.

　　It is understood that "integrated management" is the main reason why some users choose to repay their credit cards through third-party payment channels.

　　"At present, I use the credit cards of ICBC, China Merchants Bank and Minsheng Bank at the same time. When I used mobile banking to repay, I would log in to the apps of these three banks respectively, and I also need to remember different repayment dates." Cui Jinqing, a young white-collar worker who works in a large central enterprise in Beijing, said that later, Alipay’s "credit card repayment" function was used to integrate the management of three credit cards. On one interface, the details such as which credit cards you bound, their repayment dates and their repayment amounts were clear at a glance.

　　Under the influence of integrated management, path dependence and other factors, the "credit card repayment" function of Alipay and WeChat gradually accumulated some users, but the increase in business volume also led to an increase in comprehensive operating costs, because there would be a payment channel fee behind each repayment.

　　When third-party payment institutions no longer invest in cost subsidy fees, "charging" will become the general trend. So for users, what are the similarities and differences between Alipay and WeChat after charging?

　　After comparison, the reporter found that from the charging standard, Alipay and WeChat are both one thousandth (0.1%) of the repayment amount, but Alipay has reserved two "free paths" for users.

　　Specifically, the first is to provide a free quota of 2000 yuan per person per month. Suppose the monthly repayment amount of users is 3,000 yuan, and the handling fee of Alipay is one thousandth of that of 1000 yuan, namely 1 yuan, but that of WeChat is one thousandth of 3,000 yuan, namely 3 yuan.

　　The second is to allow users to increase their free quota through two methods: "redemption of Alipay membership points" and "borrowing the free quota of relatives and friends".

　　"It is worth noting that if all your money is in Yu ‘ebao, you can withdraw it to your debit card first, which is free. Then log in to the bank’s online banking and pay back the credit card with the money from the debit card. There is no cost in the whole process. " The relevant person in charge of Alipay said.

　　Five aspects should be noted.

　　In addition to charging, compared with online banking, there are many matters needing attention in the "credit card repayment" service paid by third parties, which are mainly manifested in five aspects: determination of responsibility and right, repayment currency, single limit, repayment reminder and repayment appointment function.

　　The first is the issue of "determination of responsibility and right". It should be noted that the third-party payment institution is only the executor of the user’s credit card repayment instruction, and it will not be responsible for the losses caused by the user’s use of this service unless it does not follow the user’s instruction or the operation instruction is wrong.

　　The second is the issue of "repayment currency" and "bill inquiry currency". At present, the credit card repayment services of Alipay and WeChat only support RMB repayment, not foreign currency repayment. In addition, unless otherwise specified, the bill information that users can query through the above two methods is only RMB bills, and the foreign currency bills queried are for reference only, and accurate information still needs to be obtained through the issuing bank.

　　The third is the issue of "single limit". Wechat clearly stated in the agreement that when users make credit card repayments through Tenpay’s platform, they should still abide by the restrictions imposed by the repayment source bank on the maximum amount of their single transfer and the maximum amount of daily cumulative transfer; Tenpay is not responsible for the failure of repayment caused by this restriction.

　　The fourth is the issue of "repayment reminder". It is worth noting that even if users set up a credit card "repayment reminder" on the third-party payment platform, they still need to make repayment according to their agreement with the credit card issuer. The above settings are only used as a reference for repayment time and amount, not as a basis for whether or not to repay.

　　The fifth is the issue of "prepayment function". Wechat clearly stated in the agreement that "if you use the scheduled repayment function, Tenpay will provide you with repayment service according to the billing information provided by the issuing bank of your credit card, and Tenpay does not guarantee the authenticity, completeness and timeliness of this information". That is to say, if the user suffers losses due to the incorrect billing information, including but not limited to economic losses, late payment fees, reduced credit evaluation, etc., it will be settled by the user and the issuing bank.

　　Bank online banking channel is still free.

　　In the face of the above changes, many insiders said that the overall impact on users is limited. On the one hand, compared with services such as consumption and wealth management, credit card repayment is a function with lower frequency; On the other hand, at present, there are many repayment channels for credit cards. Although Alipay and WeChat charge, these channels such as bank online banking and mobile banking APP are still free.

　　In addition, Alipay also suggested in the announcement of "Adjustment of Credit Card Repayment Service Rules" that if it is a large repayment, users can choose to repay free of charge through channels such as bank online banking.

　　In fact, for commercial banks, retail business has always played the role of profit stabilizer, and credit card business is an important part of retail business.

　　Usually, when applying for a bank’s credit card, users need to have the bank’s debit card and use it as a repayment account. In this way, banks can not only improve customer stickiness through credit card business, but also form stable capital precipitation and repayment cash flow.

　　For this reason, for a long time, the online banking and mobile banking apps of various banks have not charged extra fees for the single act of "repayment" for the credit cards issued by the bank, but if users have overdue and installment repayment, they will charge other kinds of fees.

　　In recent years, many banks have even supported users to repay their credit cards through "debit cards from other banks" without charging any handling fees for the time being, in order to increase repayment channels for users and increase the frequency of their use of our credit cards.

　　It is worth noting that with WeChat and Alipay charging for "credit card repayment" one after another, the discussion about "whether Internet service has entered the charging era" has once again started in the society.

　　It is undeniable that in the past few years, more and more services on the Internet have begun to charge. According to a survey by the National Copyright Administration of China, in 2017, fee-based content accounted for almost half of the Internet content market in China.

　　At the same time, in the face of charging, users have gradually changed from "unaccustomed" in the early days to "accustomed". The financial report of iQiyi in the third quarter of 2018 shows that as of September 30, 2018, the number of subscribed members of iQiyi has reached 80.7 million, of which paying members account for more than 98%; The income from membership service was 2.9 billion yuan, up 78% year-on-year, which exceeded the income from online advertising service of 2.4 billion yuan.

　　"There is no eternal free model in any industry. In a fully competitive market, charging or not ultimately depends on whether the services provided by enterprises are worth paying for, and the charging price will gradually become reasonable in the competition. " The relevant person in charge of Alipay said.

The evolution of the crime of cracking down on online game plug-in crime

Some netizens in Zhihu asked the author: Does it constitute a crime of illegal business operation to use game AIDS like keyboard and mouse to practice online games? "A few months ago, a friend was detained for 30 days for illegal business operations and fined hundreds of thousands because he used game scripts to practice games. His game script is similar to the color recognition of the key wizard+simulation of the mouse and keyboard, developed by himself, without modifying the game client, so it should not belong to the plug-in. But one of the crimes of illegal business operation is illegal publications. His software is for personal use and has not been disseminated. I wonder if it’s really illegal? Suppose the software he uses is copyrighted? Is the situation different again? The key wizard has copyright. What’s more, JC seized all his dozens of computers without showing any documents, and searched his room. Is this in line with the rules? If this kind of case goes to court, what are the chances of conviction? I have consulted many cases, and it seems that there are only cases with plug-ins. "

The author’s answer to this: There is no official explanation for the definition of plug-in in China at present. My understanding is the cheating software of online games. For the conviction of plug-in, it mainly depends on what kind of legal relationship plug-in infringes. If it is convicted of illegal business operation, the court thinks that online games can only be operated with a license, and plug-ins operate without a license. If the crime of destroying the computer information system is determined, the court thinks that the operation of plug-ins destroys the communication between the server and the client of the online game company, resulting in the unstable operation of the server. If the crime of copyright infringement is determined, it is that the court thinks that the program of the game software is copied by the plug-in (many times this copy is actually just a call, but sometimes the court judge may not know the difference. )

In this case, if the plug-in is just a mouse and keyboard wizard, the crime of destroying computer information system and the crime of infringing copyright cannot be applied to crack down, and the only thing the court can decide is the crime of illegal business operation. But I think that criminal punishment involves people’s right to life freedom and needs to be treated very seriously. Although the plug-in industry has done great harm to the online game industry, cracking down on plug-in crimes should also comply with the relevant provisions of the Criminal Law. If the plug-in has little damage to online games, it should not be cracked down according to crimes, that is, it does not constitute a crime. The following is a paper I recently published in China Intellectual Property Magazine, which specifically discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various charges of plug-in crimes in China.

Since Shanda Network Company introduced Legend from South Korea in 2001 and became a hit, the online game industry has gradually developed into one of the most profitable industries in the domestic Internet, and has created many richest people in China, such as Chen Tianqiao and Ding Lei. However, with the development of online games, various black industrial chains around the industry have also risen rapidly, among which plug-ins that help players cheat in games are the most headache for game companies.

As far as I know during my work in an online game company, the essence of plug-in is game cheating software, which is named because it is attached to game software at runtime. Plug-ins have the following disadvantages: cheaters’ bad money drives out good money, defeats fair gamers in the game and undermines the fairness of the game; Plug-ins increase the burden on the server, forcing operators to increase the purchase of servers and bandwidth, thus raising costs and may lead to unstable server operation; Plug-ins enable players to quickly complete the tasks in the game, abnormally increase the consumption speed of game content, and make game companies have to invest a lot of human resources to increase the development of new game content. Although it can’t be ruled out that some plug-ins are developed for the shortcomings of game software, most plug-ins do destroy the user experience of the game, increase the development and operation costs of the game company and endanger the stable operation of the game.

In China, plug-in has become an industry. For any slightly popular game, R&D teams will be responsible for developing the corresponding plug-in programs, and there will be special teams to operate and sell plug-ins. There are also professional "gold-playing" companies that specialize in "gold-playing" in the game, which use a large number of plug-in programs to earn game coins, experience values, etc. and sell them to other players. It is no exaggeration to say that the whole plug-in industry is a cancer parasitic on the online game industry, and their existence has seriously damaged the development of the online game industry.

However, how to crack down on plug-ins has always been a headache for major game companies. Plug-in operators make full use of the anonymity of the Internet, the limited jurisdiction of governments in the Internet environment, and the characteristics that online payment circumvents traditional payment channels. The operating domain name and server of plug-in software are usually foreign, and the accounts used for collecting money are usually personal accounts. Even if game companies can’t contact plug-in developers, they can only see the instant messaging accounts of plug-in operators and sellers.

In this case, if the game company conducts a civil lawsuit against the plug-in operator, it will first encounter the problem of unknown subject. In many cases, the name of the defendant is unknown; Secondly, even if we know the name of the plug-in operator or even the company that runs the plug-in, we don’t know anything about their property. The plug-in operator knows that plug-in is illegal, so the bank account used for operation will generally transfer the funds in the account to other personal accounts or relatives and friends accounts in a short period of time, so even if the civil lawsuit wins, it is difficult for the game company to execute its property. Third, civil prosecution can only attack the sales and operation links of plug-in industry, but not the development links. In the final analysis, the plug-in industry is a part of the underground economy, and it is not strong enough to crack down on it with civil litigation.

Since civil litigation is not feasible, many online game companies can only seek criminal means. However, the online game industry itself is a new industry, and the plug-in behavior that destroys it is unprecedented. Whether the plug-in behavior constitutes a crime or not, and what charges should be dealt with if it constitutes a crime, in practice, major game companies and legal practitioners have been groping for many years, and have gone through three stages: the crime of illegal business operation, the crime of copyright infringement and the crime of destroying computer information systems.

The first stage is the crime of illegal business operation.

The criminal object of the crime of illegal business operation is the market order, especially the market management system in which the state restricts the sale and purchase of goods and business licenses. The corresponding legal provision is Article 225 of the Criminal Law. As the operation of online games belongs to value-added telecommunications services according to the provisions of the Telecommunications Regulations, it is necessary to apply for the business license of value-added telecommunications services at the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. The Interim Provisions on the Administration of Internet Publishing promulgated in 2001 and the Interim Provisions on the Administration of Internet Culture promulgated by the Ministry of Culture in 2003 also stipulate that the publication and operation of online games require the prior administrative license of the General Administration of Press and Publication or local press and publication bureaus and the Ministry of Culture. Therefore, online games are an area that needs a government license to operate, and some game companies try to report the behavior of developing and operating plug-ins as illegal operations.

The specific basis is Article 11 of the Supreme People’s Court’s Interpretation on Several Issues Concerning the Specific Application of Laws in the Trial of Criminal Cases of Illegal Publications, which was promulgated in 1998: "In violation of state regulations, publishing, printing, copying and distributing other illegal publications that seriously endanger social order and disrupt market order other than those stipulated in Articles 1 to 10 of this Interpretation, if the circumstances are serious, they shall be convicted and punished for the crime of illegal business operation in accordance with Article 225, paragraph 3, of the Criminal Law."

The first domestic plug-in case: Tan, former vice president of Rising, illegally operated the plug-in case. Since June 2004, the defendant talked about a certain person and others developing 007 plug-in software for Legend 3. And set up a website to promote and provide download services, and also wholesale and retail plug-in software cards, with a business volume of more than two million yuan.

After trial, the court of first instance held that the defendant talked about a certain person who, for the purpose of making profits, carried out operating Internet information services without approval, violated the regulations of the state on publishing management, used Internet websites to carry out illegal Internet publishing activities, published and distributed illegal Internet publications, infringed on the legitimate rights and interests of copyright owners, publishing institutions and game consumers, and disrupted the normal order of Internet game publishing and operation, and the circumstances were particularly serious, which constituted the crime of illegal business operation. After the original public prosecution agency filed a protest, the court of second instance held that the actions of the three defendants had constituted the crime of illegal business operation, and the circumstances of the crime were particularly serious. They were sentenced to a fixed-term imprisonment of 6 years (two years and six months in the first instance) and fined 500,000 yuan.

After the verdict was made, major online game companies in China began to report plug-in crimes on the grounds of suspected illegal business. However, from the legal point of view, the crime of illegal business operation infringes on the national market management system that restricts the sale and purchase of goods and business licenses. If operating plug-in software constitutes a crime, it needs to be certified for illegal publications. In early cases, the General Administration of Press and Publication identified many plug-in programs as illegal publications, and every plug-in program identified by it was treated as a criminal case of illegal business operation. However, traditional illegal publications generally contain pornographic or reactionary content, while plug-in programs only help players cheat in online games, and basically do not contain pornographic or reactionary content. Moreover, the crime of illegal business operation is considered as "pocket crime" in practice. Therefore, there are also objections in theory and academic circles to cracking down on business plug-in with this crime. At the same time, after identifying a number of plug-ins as illegal publications, the General Administration of Press and Publication began to reduce the identification of illegal publications, so in recent years, there are few practices.

Second, the stage of copyright infringement crime.

After cracking down on plug-ins through the crime of illegal business operation for a period of time, judicial organs in some areas began to try to crack down on plug-ins by using the crime of copyright infringement stipulated in Article 217 of the Criminal Law. The subjective aspect of the crime of copyright infringement requires copying and distributing works that others enjoy copyright without permission for profit.

The reason for attacking plug-ins with the crime of copyright infringement is that the development and operators of plug-ins copy some programs in online game software for profit. Because the profit of plug-in is millions, it is not difficult to reach the bottom line of the crime amount punishment.

Case: Defendant Zhang et al. made and sold the plug-in software for Adventure Island game operated by Shanda Network, and the profit was huge, which was later captured. The court submitted the software to Shanghai Oriental Computer Judicial Appraisal Institute for identification, and confirmed that the plug-in invaded the online game client program of Adventure Island by means of memory hook, gained control over the memory address and data modification of the program, and called and copied the data naming and data copying of 124 client software function data of Adventure Island.

The court held that the copyright of online game software of Adventure Island should be protected by Chinese laws. Defendant Zhang and others jointly copied and distributed the online game software client program of Adventure Island for profit without the permission of the copyright owner, and the amount of illegal business was huge, and the circumstances were particularly serious, which constituted a crime of copyright infringement according to the provisions of Article 217 of the Criminal Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC). In the end, Zhang was sentenced to five years in prison, and the other defendants were also sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment.

However, the author has personal objection to punishing plug-ins for this crime: if the plug-in operator is to be deemed as a crime, it is obvious that there must be unauthorized copying of computer software. The plug-in production operators do not need to copy online game software in their operations. Even if it is to be copied, not all the game client software is copied by plug-ins, but only a few applications involving data modification; And in many cases, some programs in the software are copied between the memory and hard disk of the same computer. This behavior is essentially not copying, but calling. The online game client software called by the plug-in program is generally a legal version downloaded by the player from the official website of the game. Obviously, this is different from the original intention of the criminal law to crack down on copying-to crack down on the spread of unauthorized software. Therefore, the behavior of operating plug-ins does not meet the constitutive requirements of copying computer software without permission in the objective aspect of crime. Although the case was later included in the top ten typical cases of intellectual property protection in Shanghai in 2010, in practice, there are not many cases in which the crime of copyright infringement is used to crack down on plug-in crimes, and the cases retrieved by the author are basically applied by the courts in Shanghai.

Crime of destroying computer information system.

Although the previous charges against plug-ins are a bit problematic, with the strengthening of legislation, the online game industry finally found a suitable charge against plug-ins in 2011. Article 286 of China’s Criminal Law stipulates that anyone who, in violation of state regulations, deletes, modifies, adds or interferes with the functions of the computer information system, thus causing the computer information system to fail to operate normally, and the consequences are serious, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years or criminal detention; If the consequences are especially serious, they shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years. Whoever, in violation of state regulations, deletes, modifies or adds data and applications stored, processed or transmitted in computer information systems, if the consequences are serious, shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. However, because there are no applicable standards with serious consequences and particularly serious consequences, this provision is rarely used to crack down on plug-in crimes.

In September, 2011, the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate jointly promulgated and implemented the Interpretation on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Laws in Handling Criminal Cases Endangering the Security of Computer Information Systems, which has a clear quantitative index for the criminal consequences of destroying computer information systems, and greatly reduced the difficulty of cracking down on plug-in crimes.

Case: Su Mou and others modified the data of the online game server of Tianlong Babu through their own computer knowledge and software, implemented plug-in behavior, illegally swiped virtual currency and virtual items, and sold them online for profit. Their behavior caused a large number of abnormal accounts in the online game of Tianlong Babu to continue swiping gold coins in the game, which caused a serious impact on the virtual economic system in the game, causing the game network to be seriously blocked, and the players could not log in normally, so the operating company could only stop and maintain the server.

According to the trial of the People’s Court of Linghe District, Jinzhou City, the defendants Su Mou, Lin Mou, Zhou Mou, Li Mou, Pang Mou and others used plug-in software to modify the data of the online game server of Tianlong Babu, which caused the computer information system of Beijing Changyou Times Digital Technology Co., Ltd. to fail to operate normally, with serious consequences, clear criminal facts and reliable and sufficient evidence. In the first instance, the defendants Su Mou, Lin Mou, Zhou Mou, Li Mou and Pang Mou were sentenced to one year and one month in prison for the crime of destroying the computer information system, and the other defendants were sentenced to six months in prison, suspended for one year, and all the illegal gains and tools of the defendants were confiscated.

This case is different from the traditional case of developing and selling plug-in software. The traditional case of plug-in attacks the behavior of developing or selling plug-in, while this case attacks the gold-playing company that uses plug-in to "play gold" in the game and sell it to other players. There has been a great controversy in the industry about whether the use of plug-ins by gold-playing companies constitutes a crime. A typical case is that the Nanjing court ruled that the person in charge of a gold-playing company committed a crime with the crime of illegal business operation. However, there is obviously no national license restriction on the use of plug-ins to play gold in the game. Therefore, the case is very controversial. However, it is obviously more appropriate to use the crime of destroying computer information system to deal with the large-scale use of plug-ins to make money, because the large-scale use of plug-ins by plug-ins to make money may also lead to the criminal consequences that computer information systems cannot operate normally.

Finally, criminal punishment involves people’s right to life freedom and needs to be treated very seriously. Although the plug-in industry has done great harm to the online game industry, cracking down on plug-in crimes should also comply with the relevant provisions of the Criminal Law. From the point of view of the evolution of the charges against plug-in as a high-tech crime, although there are disputes at every stage in the whole process, it is indeed developing in a reasonable and perfect direction. Therefore, it can be seen that although there is a certain lag in the development of law, it will not lag behind for too long.

Author: You Yunting, partner of Shanghai Dabang Law Firm, intellectual property lawyer, tel: 8621-52134900, email: yytbest@gmail.com, this article only represents the author’s views. For more exciting intellectual property laws, please visit: www.legalservice.cn (Chinese) and www.chinaiplawyer.com (English).

　　Fengyun-4 Satellite Photo courtesy of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation No.8 Institute

　　During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, China plans to launch seven Fengyun meteorological satellites. By 2035, China’s meteorological comprehensive strength will reach the world advanced level, and meteorology will be deeply integrated into people’s livelihood security and industry development, and a meteorological power will be basically built. ]

　　Start wechat, a lonely villain stares at the earth. The first complete photo of the Earth released by NASA to the world is called "Blue Marbles". It was shot by Apollo 17 astronauts, and the perspective was over the African continent.

　　Whenever Chen Xiaojie, deputy director of the General Office of Meteorology and Environment of the Eighth Academy of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation and chief designer of Fengyun-4 satellite, opens WeChat, his thoughts will always fly to September 25, 2017 involuntarily.

　　That day was the day when China’s new generation of geostationary orbit meteorological satellite Fengyun-4 A star was officially delivered and put into use, and the WeChat startup screen changed its face accordingly — — The image is still the blue earth, but the location of the exhibition has become the Eastern Hemisphere, and it was Fengyun No.4 A star that shot it.

　　"The photo perspective is the earth observed from above China, and that feeling is very different." Chen Xiaojie has been deeply impressed by this.

　　At the beginning of 1969, a rare freezing rain and snow disaster swept half of China. At that time, only the Soviet Union and the United States had meteorological satellites in the world. Although China can accept foreign satellite cloud picture, it is only a simple "black-and-white image", and it is impossible to mine the original data and retrieve various meteorological elements, so its application is greatly limited.

　　On January 29, 1969, Premier Zhou Enlai put forward: "We should quickly change our backwardness and build our own meteorological satellite." In February 1970, Premier Zhou personally issued documents from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council and the Central Military Commission, and assigned the task of developing meteorological satellites. As a result, China’s meteorological satellite industry officially started.

　　Up to now, China has successfully launched 17 Fengyun series meteorological satellites, and 7 of them are currently in orbit. These satellites, which are the most "aware of people’s warmth and coldness", observe the changes of the earth in space, prompting us to add clothes and umbrellas.

　　According to the China Meteorological Bureau, China plans to launch Fengyun-4 B and Fengyun-3 E satellites in 2021, and seven Fengyun meteorological satellites are planned to be launched during the 14th Five-Year Plan period. "By 2035, China will establish a meteorological business system with accurate monitoring, accurate forecasting and fine service. The comprehensive meteorological strength will reach the world advanced level, and the meteorology will be deeply integrated into people’s livelihood security and industry development, and a meteorological power will be basically built." Zhuang Guotai, director of the bureau, revealed.

　　The fate was ill-fated, and the first star "died" after 39 days of launch.

　　On September 4th, 1988, Astrin Zhong, the chief designer of Fengyun-1 satellite, stood on the tower with a height of tens of meters, and his heart turned upside down.

　　That was the day when China’s first Fengyun satellite was originally planned to be launched. However, after the commander issued the "5-hour preparation" instruction, the control center suddenly lost all the telemetry signals of the satellite and the launch was terminated.

　　Ren Xinmin, chief designer of Fengyun-1 satellite project, ordered on-site inspection. Meng Zhizhong and Xu Fuxiang, then the chief designer of the attitude control system, climbed the tower with the test team and nervously performed "surgery" on the satellite. At this time, there are no guardrails around, and there are rockets filled with propellant under the satellite. Every movement should be careful.

　　What makes Meng Zhizhong feel stressed is that the scheduled launch time is approaching, and the stations around the country are already ready, constantly calling for news; From Beijing to Shanghai and then to the launch center, soldiers were deployed on the communication lines along the way, and everyone was waiting for the news of the launch at their posts. The troubleshooting work on the tower is progressing slowly, and Meng Zhizhong is both anxious and guilty.

　　It was not until the evening that the cause of the fault was finally found out. It was the CMOS circuit of the telemeter that had a "bolt lock" under certain circumstances. The test team took down the telemeter and repaired it overnight, and put it back on the satellite the next morning.

　　Three days later, Fengyun-1 A, which took nearly 10 years to develop, was successfully launched, making China the third country in the world with polar-orbiting meteorological satellites. However, after just over a month, the accident happened again.

　　On this day, the staff of the National Satellite Meteorological Center found that the received satellite cloud image gradually deviated, and finally only the arc of the earth could be seen. The satellite is out of control.

　　Zou Jingmeng, then director of China Meteorological Bureau, asked eagerly: Is there any other way? Meng Zhizhong was speechless.

　　Because there was no backup equipment installed, Fengyun-1 A star "died" in space in full view, only 39 days before its launch.

　　A rare satellite ground rescue in the history of world space flight

　　On September 3, 1990, Fengyun-1 B star was successfully launched. It can provide weather forecast for the 11th Asian Games in time, but after only ten days, it is abnormal.

　　Scientific and technical personnel completed the repair in time, but found a thorny problem: the satellite did not carry out anti-radiation reinforcement in component selection and software design. This loophole exposed the computer circuit chip to the bombardment of high-energy particles in space, which easily led to the problem of single event overturning, which would lead to computer malfunction and attitude control system failure at any time.

　　The loopholes cannot be filled, and the only way is to strengthen the monitoring of satellites and correct problems in time.

　　Astrin Zhonghe and Xu Fuxiang led the scientific and technical personnel to be divided into two working groups, which were on duty in Xi ‘an Satellite TT&C Center in turn. They use the opportunity of the satellite crossing the border six times a day to monitor its on-orbit work.

　　On February 14, 1991, in the New Year’s Eve, the satellite cloud picture suddenly distorted and rolled. In the next 75 days, the staff took turns on duty without interruption and began a rare satellite ground rescue operation in the history of world space. Like emergency doctors, they have revived Fengyun-1 B star again and again. However, frequent "operations" have greatly damaged the satellite’s vitality and greatly reduced its life.

　　Eventually, Fengyun-1 B star worked intermittently until November 1992, and accumulated normal operation for 285 days in orbit, which failed to reach the design life index of one year.

　　Academician Sun Jiadong, a meritorious scientist with two bombs and one satellite, has been with Fengyun for more than 40 years as the chief designer of Fengyun-2 satellite project. He once said: "I have been a chief satellite engineer in my life, and Fengyun-2 is the most unforgettable."

　　In February 1994, China’s first geostationary orbit meteorological satellite — — Fengyun-2 01 came to xichang satellite launch center. After many tests, the satellite was successfully refueled and fitted with a solid apogee engine, only to be fully tested for the last time before the transition.

　　On the morning of April 2, the test began. At about 10: 50, the solid apogee engine burned and exploded, and black smoke came out with red flames. The observation window glass was shattered and the power supply of the factory building was interrupted.

　　This major accident claimed the life of an assembly worker and caused more than 30 test team members to be injured and hospitalized. Astronauts suffered a painful lesson because they did not understand the performance and danger of hydrazine fuel and ignored the requirements of anti-static and environmental temperature and humidity.

　　Fengyun-1 star C made a beautiful "turnaround"

　　Successive accidents have caused Fengyun satellite development to fall into a downturn. But the astronauts who fell again and again stood up stubbornly again and again. They compiled heavy lessons into a book and became a typical teaching material to guide the follow-up work.

　　Meng Zhizhong was 60 years old when he was appointed to preside over the development of Fengyun-1 C star. The previous setbacks made him unwilling. He analyzed that the reason why Fengyun-1 A-Star and B-Star failed to complete their tasks was not that the performance indicators did not meet the requirements, but that they died halfway due to low reliability. Developing a long-term, reliable and stable operational meteorological satellite has become the common goal of the team.

　　On May 10th, 1999, Fengyun-1 C star was successfully launched. This launch was later selected as one of the three major events in the last year of the 20th century in China, which was engraved on the China Millennium Monument. In August 2000, the World Meteorological Organization listed the satellite in the world operational meteorological satellite sequence.

　　Fengyun-1 star C made a beautiful "turnaround". It has been running stably in orbit for 7 years, and is known as "the first long-lived satellite in sun-synchronous orbit", which has opened a new page in China’s meteorological satellite industry.

　　Since then, Fengyun Satellite’s development has become smoother and smoother.

　　In 2002, Fengyun-1 D star was launched, becoming one of the longest-lived remote sensing satellites in China. Fengyun-2 C satellite launched in 2004 was the most widely used operational satellite in China at that time, and was highly appraised by the World Meteorological Organization, and was listed as one of the important operational satellites of the global meteorological satellite observation network. From 2006 to 2014, China launched four Fengyun-2 series satellites, which provoked the burden of meteorological support for major national events.

　　In 2008, on the eve of the opening of the Beijing Olympic Games, Fengyun-3, China’s second-generation sun-synchronous orbit meteorological satellite, was launched. Since then, Fengyun-3′ s B, C and D stars have been launched one after another, realizing the upgrading of Fengyun-1. They operate in a network with complementary functions, and realize the detection from two-dimensional imaging to three-dimensional detection, and from single optics to full-spectrum wide-spectrum detection, which greatly shortens the update time of global numerical weather forecast, prolongs the forecasting time and further improves the forecasting accuracy.

　　In the international "dark war", one star does the work of two stars.

　　On January 15, 2021, the price of Taihu short-legged vegetables in Shanghai vegetable market doubled compared with 10 days ago. The local media found that this has something to do with the recent cold wave. According to the forecast of the Meteorological Observatory, there was another cold wave on January 16, and the local vegetable supply unit deployed ahead of schedule to fully carry out the emergency supply work.

　　Weather changes affect people’s clothing, travel and even all aspects of life. Tang Shihao, director of the Remote Sensing Application Office of the National Satellite Meteorological Center and chief designer of Fengyun Meteorological Satellite Application System, said that it is only one of Fengyun Satellite’s "basic skills" to provide support for accurately forecasting the cold wave and monitoring its development and influence.

　　In particular, a new generation of geostationary meteorological satellites — — The successful launch of Fengyun-4 A satellite has made China’s meteorological satellite technology change from following and running in parallel to running in parallel and leading, which has further improved China’s meteorological comprehensive ability.

　　Recalling the development and launch of Fengyun-4 A star, Chen Xiaojie felt like a fierce competition.

　　In 2016, as if agreed in advance, the development of a new generation of geostationary meteorological satellites in China, the United States, Europe and Japan all reached a critical juncture, and everyone was secretly struggling.

　　In addition to the fact that European satellites have not yet been launched for various reasons, in early November 2016, Japan took the lead in launching the "Himawari 9" satellite. This satellite adopts many American technologies and products and will replace the "Sunflower 8" previously launched by the country.

　　On November 19th, a new generation of geostationary meteorological satellite GOES-R was launched. According to industry evaluation, compared with previous meteorological satellites, the leap brought by this satellite is like changing from black-and-white TV to high-definition color TV.

　　On December 11th, China’s Fengyun-4 A star was launched.

　　Chen Xiaojie said that Fengyun-4 A star not only leads the world in its comprehensive observation ability to the earth, but also is the first geostationary meteorological satellite in the world to realize the comprehensive observation of "multi-spectral two-dimensional imaging+hyperspectral three-dimensional detection+ultra-narrow-band lightning imaging" by a single satellite.

　　In the past, the interference between vertical detection instruments and imaging observation instruments has always been an international problem. The previous practice in Europe was to put the two on two satellites respectively.

　　Compared with international competitors, the performance of Fengyun-4 A star is not inferior. Some people describe this star as doing the work of two stars at the same time.

　　According to Dong Yaohai, chief designer of Fengyun-4 satellite system, the satellite has realized the simultaneous operation of multiple loads with moving optical components through the self-developed SAST-5000 satellite platform, and all loads coexist harmoniously.

　　The multi-channel scanning imaging radiometer carried by the satellite was the most advanced radiation imager for geostationary satellites in China at that time, which could scan the eastern hemisphere every 15 minutes with the highest spatial resolution of 500 meters. "The accuracy of 500 meters is equivalent to placing a few candles a few kilometers away for a geostationary orbit close to 36,000 kilometers high, and it can be seen clearly." Dong Yaohai said that this accuracy is equivalent to the GOES-R satellite launched by the United States at the same time.

　　At the same time, the interferometric atmospheric vertical detector carried by Fengyun-4 A star can detect the atmosphere vertically; China’s first satellite-borne lightning imager can be used to stare at China and its surrounding areas with wide-angle lenses, and it can take 500 photos every second to record the frequency and intensity of lightning.

　　Fifteen years later, meteorological comprehensive strength leads the world.

　　Starting this year, Fengyun family will be "added".

　　According to the China Meteorological Bureau, the second satellite of Fengyun-4 — — Fengyun-4 B star, the development work has been basically completed. According to the plan, it will be launched this year.

　　The load of Fengyun-4 B star has been optimized. For example, multi-channel scanning imaging radiometer, some channels have been locally optimized; The spatial resolution of the atmospheric vertical detector has also been improved.

　　At the same time, a fast imager has been added to this satellite, which can flexibly observe different areas according to instructions by adjusting the lens, and the resolution is the highest among the global geostationary meteorological satellites at present.

　　Tang Shihao is looking forward to this. He said that at present, Fengyun-4 A star images China and its surrounding areas once every five minutes, with the highest resolution of 500 meters. Some weather phenomena with smaller scale and shorter duration may be missed. The fast imager carried by Fengyun-4 B star can image millions of square kilometers once a minute, with the highest resolution of about 250 meters, which has stronger monitoring ability for small and medium-sized weather systems.

　　E-Star Fengyun-3, which China plans to launch this year, will be the world’s first meteorological satellite in the morning and evening orbit. At present, the global polar-orbiting meteorological satellites are all in the morning or afternoon orbit, which means that their observation period is in the morning or afternoon. The E-Star Fengyun-3 will be observed at dawn and dusk, which can make up for the current observation gap and improve the accuracy and timeliness of global numerical weather forecast.

　　Tang Shihao introduced that after the E-Star Fengyun-3 and Fengyun-3 series satellites currently in orbit are networked, the daily observation time distribution will be more uniform, and the meteorological data of morning and evening time will be obtained. In addition, in the past, Fengyun satellite could only be observed by infrared and microwave instruments at night, while Fengyun-3 E-star was equipped with low-light-level observation equipment, which had the ability to observe visible light at night.

　　The reporter learned from the China Meteorological Bureau that the Fengyun satellite planned to be launched in China during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period will further enrich its orbital types. For example, in the geostationary orbit, there will be Fengyun satellites with different orbital positions, which will be observed by optical and microwave means. In low orbit, in addition to the morning and afternoon orbit and the morning and dusk orbit, China will also launch precipitation satellites to the low inclination orbit, mainly to monitor the precipitation in low latitudes.

　　Tang Shihao said that the development of Fengyun satellite in the future mainly includes improving the monitoring ability of atmospheric wind field, cloud and rain atmosphere and its vertical structure, improving monitoring accuracy and monitoring timeliness, and enhancing the cooperative mobile observation ability of satellites.

　　Produced by Shentong Studio

　　Written by: Reporter Fu Yifei

　　Planning: Chen Lei